100 Different Cholesterol Studies

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Table Of Contents

100 Different Cholesterol Studies
From 1970 to 1979
(Lower Section Shows The Only Two Studies Earlier)

Life Flow One
The Solution For Heart Disease

by
Karl Loren

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Links To Scientific Studies About Cholesterol
Click Here To Jump To The Study	Title Or Description	Comments
...1...	Nutrition imbalance and angiotoxins as dietary risk factors in coronary heart disease.
...2...	Desaturation of bile and cholesterol gallstone dissolution with chenodeoxycholic acid.
...3...	Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. New perspectives based on the Framingham study.
...4...	High-density lipoproteins in the prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease. Part II. Biochemical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
...5...	Studies on the effects of hormones on cholesterol synthesis in mammalian cells in culture.
...6...	Hyperlipidaemia in children.
...7...	Lipoprotein receptors, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis.
...8...	Gallstones. The present and future of medical dissolution.
...9...	Cholesterol embolism: the great masquerader.
...10...	Gallstone dissolution--a progress report.
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...11...	A reappraisal of the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents.
...12...	Intrahepatic metabolism and secretion of biliary lipids.
...13...	Effect of deoxycholic acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in normal subjects.
...14...	HDL-cholesterol: the negative risk factor for coronary heart disease.
...15...	Cholesterol methodology for human studies.
...16...	Dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol levels in coronary heart disease.
...17...	Milk, serum cholesterol, and the Maasai. A hypothesis.
...18...	The cholesterol problem, the egg and lipid metabolism in the laying hen.	In any event, a great deal more evidence from well constructed human diet studies will be needed before low cholesterol diets can be recommended to the general population as an aid to control of cholesterol balance and heart disease.
...19...	Pathogenesis of human cholesterol cholelithiasis.
...20...	Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system.
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...21...	Lipoprotein-X.
...22...	Feedback regulation of metabolism by dietary constituents: lipids.
...23...	Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between lipids: influence on organization and function of lipids in membranes.
...24...	Multivalent feedback regulation of HMG CoA reductase, a control mechanism coordinating isoprenoid synthesis and cell growth.
...25...	Evolution of the LDL receptor concept-from cultured cells to intact animals.
...26...	Composition of the lipids in human milk: a review.
...27...	Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism.
...28...	Age-dependence of molecular and functional changes in biological membrane properties.
...29...	Effects of dietary fibre on serum lipid levels and fecal bile acid excretion.
...30...	The role of physical activity in the prevention of ischaemic heart disease. A review.
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...31...	Multi-laboratory comparison of three heparin-Mn2+ precipitation procedures for estimating cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein.
...32...	Lipoproteins and lipid transport.
...33...	Fructose as a dietary sweetener in diabetes mellitus.
...34...	Is atherosclerosis reversible?
...35...	Dietary recommendations for the community towards the postponement of coronary heart disease.
...36...	The dynamics of membrane structure.
...37...	HDL - should we be 'chasing' it now?	Although 'within defined population groups the association of low HDL level with increased coronary risk seems to be established', the author concludes 'The inverse relation between plasma HDL level and risk of CHD remains a phenomenon that we cannot explain in scientific terms'.
...38...	Further leads on metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer.
...39...	Management of gallstones in the aged.
...40...	Dietary management of the pregnant diabetic.
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...41...	Biochemical basis for the selection of oral contraceptives.
...42...	The effect of exercise on plasma high density lipoproteins.
...43...	Plasma lipoproteins and coronary heart disease.
...44...	Recent progress in the development of radioimmunoassays for human serum lipoproteins.
...45...	Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: a critique.	The question is whether alteration of risk factors will aid primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Critical review of available evidence indicates that inferences have been made about the beneficial effects of risk factor modification without an adequate test of the hypothesis. Trial interventions to assess the efficacy of serum cholesterol-lowering measures have had negative or equivocal results.
...46...	Phospholipid unsaturation and plasma membrane organization.
...47...	Dietetic treatment of obesity with low and high-carbohydrate diets: comparative studies and clinical results.
...48...	The regulation of prostaglandin E1 formation: a candidate for one of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the actions of vitamin C.
...49...	The origins of atherosclerosis.
...50...	George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Lifestyles, major risk factors, proof and public policy.
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...51...	Transient monocular blindness.
...52...	Pigment gallstones.
...53...	Gardner's syndrome. Recent developments in research and management.
...54...	Cause and course of acute myocardial infarction.
...55...	Fat embolism syndrome: traumatic coagulopathy with respiratory distress.
...56...	Angina pectoris among 10,000 men. II. Psychosocial and other risk factors as evidenced by a multivariate analysis of a five year incidence study.
...57...	Bile salts and gallstone disease.
...58...	Cardiovascular disease in uremic patients on hemodialysis.
...59...	Primary prevention of atherosclerosis: nutritional aspects.
...60...	Androgens.
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...61...	Oral contraceptive hypertension and thromboembolism.
...62...	Interventions in atherosclerosis: a review for surgeons.
...63...	Biochemical anomalies of the nephrotic syndrome.
...64...	Pericardial heart disease.
...65...	The applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassays to clinical obstetrics.
...66...	The effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid on lipid metabolism.
...67...	Cholelithiasis. Review of advances in research.
...68...	American Academy of Pediatrics. Nutrition Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Breast-feeding. A commentary in celebration of the International Year of the Child, 1979.
...69...	Vessel injury and atherosclerosis.
...70...	Essential fatty acids and the vulnerability of the artery during growth.
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...71...	A review of research examining the coronary-prone behavior pattern.
...72...	The enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in healthy man: quantitative description and functions.
...73...	The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man.
...74...	Diabetes and the heart: coronary heart disease.
...75...	Bile acids, diarrhea, and antibiotics: data, speculation, and a unifying hypothesis
...76...	Hyperlipoproteinemia in renal insufficiency.
...77...	The lipid metabolism of the arterial wall and its abnormalities in diabetes.
...78...	Diet, nutrition, and cancer.
...79...	The management of hyperlipidemia: whether, rather than how.	The premise that measures used to lower the plasma lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia will lead to reductions in new events of coronary heart disease (the Lipid Hypothesis) should be reconsidered today as a result of several recent reports of large-scale double-blind drug trials in the United Kingdom and in the United States.
...80...	The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man.
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...81...	Primary prevention of atherosclerosis: a challenge to the physician caring for children.
...82...	Corneal arcus and hyperlipoproteinaemia.
...83...	HDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease.
...84...	Relative atherogenicity of different plasma lipoproteins.
...85...	Animal models of human cholesterol gallstone disease: a review.
...86...	Fiber and gastrointestinal microecology.
...87...	Is atheroma a reversible lesion?
...88...	Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review.
...89...	Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review.
...90...	Importance of apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism.
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...91...	Diet and coronary heart disease.
...92...	Perspectives in coronary prevention.
...93...	Fiber, intestinal sterols, and colon cancer.
...94...	Are atherosclerotic lesions reversible or not?
...95...	Hematologic aberrations in metabolic diseases.
...96...	Colestipol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
...97...	Beneficial physiologic action of beans.
...98...	Hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue.
...99...	Hormone production in ovarian carcinomas. Histochemical approach in stroma reaction.
...100...	Pathophysiology of lipoprotein transport.
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The Following Two Studies Are Dated Prior To 1970
...101...	On the stratification of human bile and its importance for the solubility of cholesterol.
...102...	Tropical sprue in expatriates from the tropics living in the continental United States.

HealthGate Documents

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Nutrition imbalance and angiotoxins as dietary risk factors in coronary heart disease.
Author: Kummerow FA
Address
Source: Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 Jan, 32:1, 58-83
Abstract: Imbalancing nutritionally adequate diets with an excessive amount of fat calories and cholesterol has obscured the fact that intimal thickening occurs spontaneously in time on low-fat cholesterol-free diets during the aging process, and that intimal thickening can be accelerated by dietary angiotoxic "risk factors." Electron microscopy of arterial tissue from animal models identified degenerated smooth muscle cells in the fetus from sows kept on low-fat cholesterol-free diets. After birth, the degenerated smooth muscle cells increased in number with age. The presence of angiotoxic "risk factors" such as oxidized cholesterol and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the diet of such animal models increased the frequency of smooth muscle cell death in their arteries. Two types of pathology could be developed in the thoracic aorta by continuous or short term feeding of 12.5 times more vitamin D than normally present in commercial rations: 1) a diffuse fibroelastic intimal thickening in the thoracic aorta (arteriosclerosis) with no evidence of lipid deposition by continuous feeding of vitamin D or 2) an initimal thickening in the thoracic aorta and intimal thickening with foam cells and extracellular lipid deposits (atherosclerosis) in the coronary arteries after a short period of supplemental vitamin D followed by 3 to 4 months of supplement-free diets. These two types of arterial damage were identical to that in the plugs of thoracic aorta obtained as a by-product of elective coronary bypass surgery. Although all of the possible sources of oxidized cholesterol in the diet have as yet not been identified, laboratory studies have identified oxidized cholesterol as an angiotoxic factor. Since population groups that consume less vitamin D-supplemented foods, less deep fat fried cholesterol-containing foods, and less hydrogenated fats have a lower incidence of coronary heart disease than Americans, it seems judicious for food processors to reduce these previously unconsidered risk factors to a minimum. This could be done by eliminating vitamin D2 and D3 from all vitamin supplements, from all food and cereal products and from the diet of livestock 1 month before they were killed so that the intake of vitamin D is no larger than the 400 IU/quart in milk which is necessary to prevent rickets in children. Deep fat fryers, which are kept at almost 200 C for 24 hr/day, could perhaps be replaced with microwave ovens in fast food chain outlets. Processors could hydrogenate vegetable oils to a minimum trans fatty acid content and rearrange this fat with polyunsaturated fats to produce high polyunsaturated fats trans-free margarines and shortenings.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79101156

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|CI/EP/*ET; Cholecalciferol|*PO; Cholesterol|*AA/PO; Coronary Disease|*ET; Diet|*ST
MeSH Heading: Aging; Animal; Aorta, Thoracic|PA; Aortic Diseases|ET; Cell Survival|DE; Cholesterol, Dietary; Dietary Fats|AD; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Fats, Unsaturated; Female; Human; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Myocardium|ME; Oxidation-Reduction; Pregnancy; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9165
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Desaturation of bile and cholesterol gallstone dissolution with chenodeoxycholic acid.
Author: Hofmann AF
Address
Source: Am J Clin Nutr, 1977 Jun, 30:6, 993-1000
Abstract: The feeding of one of the major biliary bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid, at a dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg per day causes the circulating bile acid pool to become greatly enriched in this bile acid. When chenodeoxycholic acid composes more than 70% of the biliary bile acids, the amount of cholesterol secreted in bile falls, and bile becomes unsaturated in cholesterol. If cholesterol gallstones are present and are exposed to this unsaturated bile, they will dissolve in 4 to 24 months in the majority of patients. Extensive clinical experience indicates that such medical therapy is safe, despite unequivocal toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in several nonhuman primates. When therapy is stopped, bile resaturates, and stones may recur. Since cholecystecomy is a rapid, safe, effective, and usually permanent treatment for all gallstones, the value of medical therapy remains uncertain at present, except for patients in whom surgery is inadvisable. Nonetheless, the demonstration that chenodeoxycholic acid ingestion will desaturate bile and induce gallstone dissolution would appear to be an important pharmacological advance.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77199121

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile|DE/*ME/SE; Chenodeoxycholic Acid|ME/*TU; Cholelithiasis|*DT/PP; Cholesterol|*/ME
MeSH Heading: Adult; Animal; Bile Acids and Salts|ME; Human; Liver|ME; Stereoisomerism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9165
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. New perspectives based on the Framingham study.
Author: Kannel WB; Castelli WP; Gordon T
Address
Source: Ann Intern Med, 1979 Jan, 90:1, 85-91
Abstract: Prospective data at Framingham and elsewhere have shown conclusively that risk of coronary heart disease in persons younger than age 50 is strikingly related to the serum total cholesterol level. Within so-called normal limits risk has been found to mount over a five-fold range. The impact has been found to be augmented by other risk factors. The contribution of the serum total cholesterol to risk has also been found to be determined by its partition in the various lipoprotein fractions. A relatively large amount of cholesterol in the low-density lipoprotein fraction is atherogenic, whereas that in the high-density fraction appears protective. The independent contribution of very-low density lipoprotein and its triglyceride or cholesterol content has, on the other hand, not been established. The previous position that virtually all of the lipid information pertaining to coronary heart disease resided in the serum total cholesterol must be accordingly modified.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79122614

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*ET; Atherosclerosis|BL/DH/*ET; Cholesterol|*BL
MeSH Heading: Age Factors; Aged; Coronary Disease|BL/ET/PC; Female; Human; Hyperlipidemia|BL/GE; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Male; Middle Age; Prospective Studies; Risk; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0003-4819
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: High-density lipoproteins in the prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease. Part II. Biochemical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Author: Berger GM
Address
Source: S Afr Med J, 1978 Oct 21, 54:17, 693-7
Abstract: Evidence is presented that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) promotes the efflux of cholesterol from cells in vitro, and may thus play an important role in the transport of cholesterol from non-hepatic tissues to the liver for excretion. Hypothetical schemes are presented whereby this may be achieved in vivo. This putative function of HDL may be of particular importance in situations in which the capacity of cells to limit the uptake of cholesterol is exceeded, and may therefore constitute the basis for the proposed antiatherogenic action of plasma HDL. However, direct data on the transport function of HDL in intact organisms are meagre. Furthermore, a characteristic of mature atherosclerotic lesions is the extracellular, rather than the intracellular, deposition of cholesterol and other lipids, and the degree to which HDL may influence this process has not been demonstrated. Finally, in inherited disorders which markedly impair the putative HDL transport pathway, atherosclerotic heart disease is generally not an early or severe complication. Despite these caveats, the physiological significance of HDL deserves further attention in order to clarify the uncertainties enumerated above. The clinical application of plasma HDL assay is limited at present to excluding the clinically non-deleterious condition of hyperalpha (HDL)-lipoproteinaemia in patients suffering from familial hypercholesterolaemia.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79118087

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|ET/*ME/PC; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL/ME/PH
MeSH Heading: Adrenal Cortex|CY; Anticholesteremic Agents; Atherosclerosis|ME; Cells, Cultured|ME; Cholesterol|ME; Cholesterol Esters|ME; Chylomicrons|BI; Esterification; Human; Lipoproteins, LDL|AI; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BI; Liver|ME; Tangier Disease|ME; Whole-Body Counting

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-2469
Country of Publication: SOUTH AFRICA

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Studies on the effects of hormones on cholesterol synthesis in mammalian cells in culture.
Author: Avigan J
Address
Source: Expos Annu Biochim Med, 1977, 33:, 1-11
Abstract: The studies described here suggest the potential physiological role of polypeptide and corticosteroid hormones in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis. Evidence was shown for substantial differences between various cell types in their responses to these agents and for certain degree of independence of the effects on biosynthesis of cholesterol from those on protein and DNA synthesis. Cholesterol synthesis and HMGCoA reductase are stimulated in a number of diploid cell lines following an incubation with insulin or with glucocorticoids for 4 hr or longer. Stimulation of sterol synthesis by insulin and by dexamethasone requires protein synthesis, but the two hormones do not compete for the same site. Addition of glucagon or of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP by PGE1 does not inhibit cholesterol synthesis in skin fibroblasts. A possibility of a relationship between the mechanisms of the hormonal effects and of feedback control of cholesterol synthesis is suggested.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77246619

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BI; Cyclic AMP|*PD; Dexamethasone|*PD; Glucagon|*PD; Insulin|*PD; Prostaglandins E|*PD
MeSH Heading: Animal; Aorta|DE/ME; Bucladesine|PD; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Cycloheximide|PD; DNA|BI; Fibroblasts|ME; Human; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases|ME; Kinetics; Rabbits; Skin|DE/ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-9076
Country of Publication: FRANCE

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Hyperlipidaemia in children.
Author: Lloyd JK
Address
Source: Br Heart J, 1975 Feb, 37:2, 105-14
Abstract: Hyperlipidaemia in children is most commonly expressed as hypercholesterolaemia. "Normal values" for serum cholesterol, if defined statistically, vary between communities, and levels of cholesterol in childhood above which an increased risk of coronary heart disease in adult life may be expected have not been firmly established. It is suggested that serum cholesterol concentration over 250 mg/dl (6.47 mmol/l) in a child over 1 year of age merits detailed investigation, including full lipoprotein analysis, and levels of serum cholesterol between230 and 250 mg/dl (5.95-6.47 mmol/l) should be repeated with further studies if indicated. Secondary hyperlipoproteinaemia rarely presents diagnostic problems but must always be excluded. The only primary hyperlipoproteinaemia likely to be encountered in childhood is familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia in its common heterozygous form. The most effective means to date of lowering serum cholesterol in this condition is cholestyramine, but the long-term consequences of therapy are not known and treatment should at present be limited to children from high-risk families. Long-term follow-up is essential and until results of such studies are available population screening is unjustified.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75127804

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hypercholesterolemia|*/CL; Hyperlipidemia|*/CL/CO/DI/DT/GE
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholestasis|CO; Cholesterol|BL; Cholestyramine|TU; Chylomicrons|BL; Coronary Disease|ET; Diabetes Mellitus|CO; Electrophoresis; Fasting; Glucose-6-Phosphatase|DF; Glycogen Storage Disease|CO; Human; Hypothyroidism|CO; Infant; Lipoproteins|BL; Liver Diseases|CO; Nephrotic Syndrome|CO; Puberty; Triglycerides|BL; Xanthomatosis|ET

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0007-0769
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Lipoprotein receptors, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis.
Author: Goldstein JL; Brown MS
Address
Source: Arch Pathol, 1975 Apr, 99:4, 181-4
Abstract: Deposition of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of human atherosclerosis. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which cells normally regulate their cholesterol ester content. Recent studies in cultured human cells demonstrate the existence of a cell surface receptor that binds plasma low density lipoproteins and regulates the sterol content of cells by modulating the rates of uptake, esterification, and synthesis of cholesterol. A possible role for this lipoprotein receptor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is discussed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75108544

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*ET; Atherosclerosis|*ET/ME; Binding Sites|*; Cholesterol|BI/*ME; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL/*ME
MeSH Heading: Alcohol Oxidoreductases|AI; Animal; Aorta|ME; Enzyme Repression; Esters; Fibroblasts|ME; Glutarates; Human; Hyperlipidemia|GE/ME; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lysosomes|ME; Protein Binding

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0003-9985
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Gallstones. The present and future of medical dissolution.
Author: Pearlman BJ; Schoenfield LJ
Address
Source: Med Clin North Am, 1978 Jan, 62:1, 87-105
Abstract: Adequate concentrations of bile acids and phospholipids are necessary to keep cholesterol in solution in bile. When the amount of cholesterol exceeds the capacity of bile acids and phospholipids to keep the cholesterol in micellar solution, bile becomes supersaturated; then, under appropriate conditions, cholesterol crystals form and gallstones may develop. Current dissolution therapy is aimed at desaturating the bile, thereby shifting the equilibrium of cholesterol from a crystalline phase back toward a micellar state, thus permitting gallstones to dissolve. Chenodeoxycholic acid is the drug being most extensively tested for efficacy in dissolution; at present, it is successful in about 60 per cent of cases. The primary mechanism of action appears to be suppression of biliary secretion of cholesterol. Further experience is needed to confirm the safety of chenodeoxycholic acid, to gain more precision in patient selection, and to determine ideal dose. The role of chenodeoxycholic acid in prophylaxis and in prevention of recurrence needs further study. Other potential agents for dissolution also deserve investigation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78090870

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MeSH Heading (Major): Chenodeoxycholic Acid|*TU; Cholelithiasis|*DT/ET/PP; Cholesterol|*PH
MeSH Heading: Adult; Age Factors; Animal; Bile Acids and Salts|PH/TU; Common Bile Duct Calculi|DT; Female; Haplorhini; Human; Indians, North American; Macaca mulatta; Male; Middle Age; Sex Factors; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0025-7125
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cholesterol embolism: the great masquerader.
Author: Darsee JR
Address
Source: South Med J, 1979 Feb, 72:2, 174-80
Abstract: Embolization of cholesterol crystals from ulcerated atheromatous lesions can produce distinct syndromes that mimic more common disease processes. Cholesterol emboli can present as renal failure, hypertension, spells of numbness, abdominal pain, and myocardial infarction, or as a multisystem disease that closely approximates the presentation, clinical course, and even biopsy picture of polymyositis or periarteritis nodosa. A review of this problem with particular attention to the clinical presentations should help in the early diagnosis and treatment of cholesterol emboli and avoid unnecessary and inappropriate therapies.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79138904

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*; Embolism, Fat|CO/*DI/TH
MeSH Heading: Aortic Diseases|DI/ET; Aortic Valve Insufficiency|CO; Blindness|ET; Cerebral Ischemia, Transient|DI/ET; Diagnosis, Differential; Human; Hypertension|ET; Intestinal Diseases|ET; Kidney Diseases|DI/ET; Pancreatitis|DI; Syndrome; Vasculitis|ET

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-4348
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 10 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Gallstone dissolution--a progress report.
Author: Pearlman BJ; Marks JW; Bonorris GG; Schoenfield LJ
Address
Source: Clin Gastroenterol, 1979 Jan, 8:1, 123-40
Abstract: Cholesterol gallstone formation occurs in three stages. First, the bile must be saturated with cholesterol, thereby allowing cholesterol crystals to form. Then, nucleation and growth of the gallstone can occur, although little is known about these latter two stages. Therapy for dissolution of gallstones is directed at desaturating the bile. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), the most extensively tested agent, is successful in dissolving 60 per cent of radiolucent gallstones; however, long-term safety remains to be demonstrated. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the 7 beta epimer of CDCA, is a promising agent for cholesterol gallstone dissolution, but it, other potential agents, and dietary manipulations require more extensive study. An important problem, the prevention of recurrence of gallstones after dissolution, also needs resolution. Medical dissolution probably will be applicable as an alternative to cholecystectomy for most patients with radiolucent gallstones, but the specific relative indications remain to be determined. A variety of modalities, both medical and surgical, are being used for the treatment of retained or reformed bile duct stones. These include T-tube infusions, oral CDCA, and extraction either through the T-tube tract or after endoscopic papillotomy. Further studies, including controlled trials, are necessary to determine the relative indications for these methods.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79126287

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|*/DT/ET
MeSH Heading: Animal; Bile|ME; Bile Acids and Salts|ME/TU; Chenodeoxycholic Acid|AE/ME/PD; Cholesterol|ME; Common Bile Duct Calculi|DT; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic|AE; Deoxycholic Acid|AA/ME/PD; Diarrhea|CI; Enterohepatic Circulation; Estrogens|AE; Female; Hepatitis, Toxic|ET; Human; Liver|DE; Male; Phosphatidylcholines|ME; Pregnancy; Recurrence; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-5089
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: A reappraisal of the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents.
Author: Sodhi HS; Kudchodkar BJ; Clifford C; Borhani N; Mason DT
Address
Source: Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 109:, 331-45
Abstract: The most commonly used methods to study the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents generally determine the turnover of total (exchangeable) cholesterol pools in the body. This approach is based on the view that whatever increases the total load of cholesterol in the body will increase the levels of plasma cholesterol, and vice versa. Despite the importance of this assumption it has never been tested, and there is no evidence to indicate that it is valid under all conditions. This "overload" hypothesis dates from the times before the importance of plasma lipoproteins was recognized and their role in the transport of lipids was well understood. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the levels of plasma cholesterol are determined more directly by the "transport" of cholesterol into and out of plasma compartment by lipoproteins than by the synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the total body pools. Any effects that the latter parameters of cholesterol metabolism have on the levels of plasma cholesterol must be mediated through changes in synthesis and the subsequent metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. In other words, in any equation relating changes in the levels of plasma cholesterol to the changes in synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the body pools we must consider the "transport" of cholesterol by lipoproteins and their metabolism.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79079847

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MeSH Heading (Major): Anticholesteremic Agents|*PD
MeSH Heading: Animal; Atherosclerosis|ME; Biological Transport|DE; Cholesterol|BL/ME; Human; Lipoproteins|ME; Models, Biological

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0065-2598
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Intrahepatic metabolism and secretion of biliary lipids.
Author: Montet JC; Gerolami A
Address
Source: Digestion, 1978 Jul-Aug, 17:4, 346-64
Abstract: The purpose of this work is to review the arguments which support the role of mixed micelle formation in the biliary secretion of lipids. These arguments are derived from in vitro physicochemical studies and from results obtained in vivo during biliary drainage in animals and in man. They show that, for the essential, mixed micelle formation between lecithins, cholesterol and bile salts can explain the biliary lipid secretion. The amount of lipids transported into the bile depends on the intrahepatic metabolism of cholesterol and lecithins. Different bile salts have opposite effects on the saturation of bile with cholesterol. During chronic administration of bile salts, the differences may be explained by specific actions on cholesterol metabolism and particularly on cholesterol absorption. On the contrary, during acute injection of bile salts, in most animal species, those bile salts which have the greatest ability of dissolving cholesterol in vitro (dihydroxy being more efficient than trihydroxy) are those which determine the greatest biliary secretion of cholesterol.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78215449

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile|*ME; Lipids|*ME; Liver|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Bile Acids and Salts|AD/ME; Cholesterol|ME; Choline|AD; Diet; Human; Phenobarbital|PD; Phosphatidylcholines|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0012-2823
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND

Record 13 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Effect of deoxycholic acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in normal subjects.
Author: LaRusso NF; Szczepanik PA; Hofmann AF
Address
Source: Gastroenterology, 1977 Jan, 72:1, 132-40
Abstract: The effect of deoxycholate ingestion, 750 mg per day, on bile acid kinetics, biliary bile acid composition, and biliary lipid secretion was studied in 7 healthy volunteers. Bile acid kinetics were measured by isotope dilution, and hourly outputs of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid were quantitated by a duodenal perfusion technique during a 24-hr period which included three liquid meals and an overnight fast. Biliary bile acid composition was assessed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After deoxycholic acid ingestion, biliary bile acids became composed of predominantly deoxycholyl conjugates, and deoxycholic acid pools increased 4-fold. Both chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid pools decreased, and daily synthesis of each of the primary bile acids was inhibited by 50%. Total bile acid pools did not change in any consistent manner. Daily bile acid secretion increased slightly during deoxycholic acid ingestion, and recycling frequency varied reciprocally with the total bile acid pool both before and during deoxycholic acid treatment. Deoxycholic acid ingestion caused no change in either the daily secretion of cholesterol or lecithin, or the cholesterol saturation of fasting-state bile, which remained unsaturated throughout the study. SGOT levels increased to 4 times the upper limits of normal in 2 of 7 subjects, but these levels promptly returned to normal when deoxycholate feeding was stopped. Serum cholesterol levels decreased in every subject (average 15%) during deoxycholic acid administration. No evidence for a direct role of deoxycholate in the pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis was obtained in these studies.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77049514

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile|AN/*DE; Bile Acids and Salts|AN/*ME; Deoxycholic Acid|AN/ME/*PD; Lipids|*SE
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|SE; Clinical Trials; Human; Kinetics; Male; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0016-5085
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 14 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: HDL-cholesterol: the negative risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Author: Tan MH
Address
Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1980 Oct, 9:4, 491-5
Abstract: High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) has emerged as a negative risk factor for coronary heart disease. Humans with low levels of HDL-cholesterol are at greater risk of developing coronary heart disease whereas those with high levels are less prone. The epidemiological and biological evidence of this association are strong. As a predictor of coronary heart disease risk, HDL-cholesterol is independent of the other risk factors and is the most powerful lipid predictor. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the serum HDL-cholesterol level. Two physiological mechanisms may explain the presumed protective effect of HDL-cholesterol. However, controlled trials of intervention on the effect of rising HDL-cholesterol on coronary heart disease risk are not yet available. The physician is recommended to include HDL-cholesterol determination as part of his approach to the management of hyperlipoproteinemia. But he is cautioned against the pitfalls of methodology and data interpretation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81230893

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL; Coronary Disease|*BL; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL
MeSH Heading: Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism|BL; Child; Cholestyramine|PD; Clofibrate|PD; Dietary Fats|AD; Exertion; Female; Human; Hyperlipoproteinemia|GE; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nicotinic Acids|PD; Obesity|BL; Racial Stocks; Risk; Sex Factors; Smoking

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0304-4602
Country of Publication: SINGAPORE
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Dietary Fats); 0 (Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol); 0 (Lipoproteins, HDL); 0 (Nicotinic Acids); 11041-12-6 (Cholestyramine); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 637-07-0 (Clofibrate)

Record 15 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cholesterol methodology for human studies.
Author: Zak B
Address
Source: Lipids, 1980 Sep, 15:9, 698-704
Abstract: A classification and review of the methodology involved in the determination of serum cholesterol for human (or animal) studies are presented. The purpose of both is to enable selection of a technique appropriate for the assay intended with a reasonable understanding of its advantages, disadvantages and limitations. The various methods discussed include direct reaction systems, partial isolation systems and complete isolation systems, as well as screening, reference and definitive procedures. The interferences that could occur are considered, especially those caused by hemoglobin, the turbidity in lipidemia, and bilirubin, as well as interferences caused by optical aberrations and chemical reactants. The various instrumental methods used to determine cholesterol or a substitute determinand such as hydrogen peroxide are discussed, including spectrophotometry, electrochemistry and densitometry of electrophoretically separated proteins.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81029844

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL/IP
MeSH Heading: Animal; Autoanalysis; Bilirubin|BL; Human; Kinetics; Methods; Solvents; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0024-4201
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Solvents); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 635-65-4 (Bilirubin)

Record 16 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol levels in coronary heart disease.
Author: Walker AR
Address
Source: S Afr Med J, 1980 Jul 5, 58:1, 7-12
Abstract: In South Africa tremendous publicity is being given to the very high death rate from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the White and Indian populations. Certain advertisements and articles in the lay press have poured scorn on the advice given to the public by various medical and nutritional bodies to reduce fat intake, especially that of animal origin, in order to lower serum cholesterol level and, hopefully, reduce the occurrence of CHD. Furthermore, a number of overseas critics, some of high standing, have belittled the relationship between diet, in particular fat, and atherogenesis and CHD. In seeking to clarify the situation, a number of questions have been posed and answered from currently available information. It is shown, inter alia, that the principal challenges of skeptics are based on insubstantial evidence. It is concluded that the recommendations of authoritative bodies to combat CHD are worthy of urgent consideration, in respect of both dietary and non-dietary changes. It is maintained that public health benefits--other than the amelioration of CHD--which are achievable by avoiding severe obesity, stopping smoking and reducing hypertension, are beyond dispute.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80259312

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL; Coronary Disease|DH/*ET; Dietary Fats|*/ME/PD
MeSH Heading: Adult; Animal; Atherosclerosis|ET; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol, Dietary|PD; Diet; Eggs; Female; Human; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|CO; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Male; Milk; Nutritional Requirements

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-2469
Country of Publication: SOUTH AFRICA
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Cholesterol, Dietary); 0 (Dietary Fats); 0 (Lipoproteins, HDL); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 17 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Milk, serum cholesterol, and the Maasai. A hypothesis.
Author: Gibney MJ; Burstyn PG
Address
Source: Atherosclerosis, 1980 Mar, 35:3, 339-43
Abstract: The Maasai of East Africa have been found to have low serum concentrations of cholesterol and a low incidence of cardiovascular disease in spite of apparently very high milk intakes. On that basis it has been frequently suggested that milk contains a "hypocholesterolaemic factor". The hypocholesterolaemia of the Maasai had also been attributed to a genetic adaptation. We feel that the milk intakes reported for the Maasai are excessively high and that the low incidence of cardiovascular diseases and low levels of serum cholesterol may be adequately explained by their variable and generally low energy intakes.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80153661

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL; Coronary Disease|BL/*EP/GE/UR; Milk|*PH; Negroid Race|*
MeSH Heading: Adult; Animal; Anticholesteremic Agents|PH; Blacks; Calcium, Dietary|PH; Cattle; Cholesterol, Dietary|PD; Glutarates|ME; Human; Kenya; Male; Orotic Acid|ME; Tanzania

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0021-9150
Country of Publication: NETHERLANDS
CAS Registry/EC Number: 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 65-86-1 (Orotic Acid)

Record 18 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The cholesterol problem, the egg and lipid metabolism in the laying hen.
Author: Naber EC
Address
Source: Poult Sci, 1976 Jan, 55:1, 14-30
Abstract: There is little doubt that high blood serum lipid levels are related to a higher incidence of atherosclerotic disease in humans. Experimental evidence to date suggests that dietary intervention can reduce blood lipid levels in most cases and that some small reduction in occurrence of cardiovascular disease will probably result. On the other hand no reduction in total mortality has been demonstrated in the well constructed dietary studies. It appears that there is considerable variation in the human population with regard to their patterns of lipid metabolism. Some apparently regulate body production of cholesterol in response to dietary changes, others do not. Some seem to excrete excess sterols efficiently, while some do not. It seems likely, therefore, that dietary manipulation would be useful for those disposed by heredity and other conditions to accumulation of excessive sterols in the body. On the other hand drug control of cholesterol biosynthesis and/or sterol excretion may be more effective solutions to the problem of sterol accumulation. Irrespective of whether diet or drugs prove to be the best answer to control of sterol balance, these should be applied only to that segment of the population known to require such treatment. The egg is an important dietary source of cholesterol and as a result is used sparingly in low cholesterol diets. On the other hand normal egg consumption of two eggs per day does not appear to overload cholesterol balance in the healthy human adult since depression in cholesterol biosynthesis and increased sterol excretion will result. Investigation of the lipid metabolism of the laying hen has shown that most of the cholesterol found in the egg is synthesized in the liver where it is under both dietary and drug control. Most of the cholesterol deposited in egg yolk may be essential for embryonic development. Drugs that severely limit cholesterol biosynthesis probably also limit synthesis of adrenal and sex hormones and hence limit reproduction. Moderate depressions in lipogenesis achieved without feeding of large amounts of dietary fat may offer a means for moderating cholesterol deposition in eggs. On the other hand, it also seems clear that genetic selection could be used to moderate egg cholesterol concentration. In any event, a great deal more evidence from well constructed human diet studies will be needed before low cholesterol diets can be recommended to the general population as an aid to control of cholesterol balance and heart disease.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76222378

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MeSH Heading (Major): Chickens|*ME; Cholesterol, Dietary|*AE; Eggs|*/AN; Lipids|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Animal Feed; Arteriosclerosis|DH/ET; Azasteroids|PD; Cholesterol|BI/BL; Egg Yolk|AN; Fats, Unsaturated|ME; Female; Human; Liver|ME; Male; Middle Age; Myocardial Infarction|DH; Safflower Oil|ME; Thyroxine|PD

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0032-5791
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 19 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Pathogenesis of human cholesterol cholelithiasis.
Author: Strasberg SM; Fisher MM
Address
Source: Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Feb 22, 112:4, 484-8
Abstract: The pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis in humans has been studied by means of three techniques. The cholesterol-solubilizing capacity of bile may be determined by estimation of the relative composition of the three major lipid constituents of bile. Consistent reduction in the cholesterol-carrying capacity of gallbladder bile of persons with gallstones when compared with normal subjects has not been shown. Normal subjects frequently have supersaturated bile. Secretion rates of biliary lipids have been estimated by two methods; with the method that appears to be more physiologic no change in lipid secretion rates was found in gallstone patients. Bile acid pool size has been measured by isotope dilution techniques; it is reduced in patients with gallstones. It is not clear whether this reduction is important in the pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis, for the bile acid secretion rate is normal because of an increased rate of cycling of the pool through the enterohepatic circulation. The role of the gallbladder in the genesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis may be more important than has been realized.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75091865

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|*ET/ME; Cholesterol|*/AN
MeSH Heading: Bile|AN; Bile Acids and Salts|AN/BI/SE; Female; Gallbladder|PP; Human; Intestines|BS; Liver|SE; Liver Circulation; Male; Methods; Phosphatidylcholines|SE; Phospholipids|AN; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Solubility

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0008-4409
Country of Publication: CANADA

Record 20 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system.
Author: Brown MS; Goldstein JL
Address
Source: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Jul, 76:7, 3330-7
Abstract: The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor system coordinates the metabolism of cholesterol, an essential component of the plasma membrane of all mammalian cells. Study of this system has led to an enhanced understanding of the cellular basis of cholesterol homeostasis. It has also brought into focus an important mechanism of metabolic regulation--the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. In this article, we first describe the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL, a sequence of events in which receptor binding and internalization are coupled in specialized regions of the plasma membrane called coated pits. Second, we trace the cellular functions of the cholesterol derived from internalized LDL. Third, genetic evidence is presented to indicate that both the binding and internalization of LDL are mediated by a single receptor molecule that contains two active sites, one mediating binding and the other internalization. Finally, the characteristics of the LDL receptor system are used to suggest models for receptor systems in general.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80034881

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MeSH Heading (Major): Endocytosis|*; Lipoproteins, LDL|*ME; Receptors, Cell Surface|GE/*ME
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Animal; Case Report; Cell Membrane|ME; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol|ME; Female; Fibroblasts|ME; Human; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|GE/ME; Male; Models, Biological; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0027-8424
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 21 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Lipoprotein-X.
Author: Narayanan S
Address
Source: CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 1979 Aug, 11:1, 31-51
Abstract: Lipoprotein-X is an abnormal lipoprotein that appears in the sera of patients with obstructive jaundice, and thus is a sensitive indicator of cholestasis. In patients with familial plasma lecithin, Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, there is an inverse relationship between plasma Lp-X levels and LCAT activity. Ultracentrifugation procedures utilized for isolation of Lp-X have shown that it is associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction. Lp-X can be visualized by electrophoresis on either Agar or Agarose. The purity of Lp-X preparations has been documented by immunochemical procedures. The availability of highly purified antisera to Lp-X has served as a basis of one of the assay procedures for this lipoprotein. It's chemical composition has been established. Phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol constitute the bulk of the Lp-X molecule. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that Lp-X is a spherical particle which has strong aggregating properties. Membrane bound enzymes have been shown to aggregate with Lp-X. The fact that bile lipoprotein can be converted to Lp-X by the addition of albumin and that Lp-X can be converted to bile lipoprotein by the addition of bile salts offers a possible explanation for the origins of Lp-X. Phospholipases of plasma might play a role in the catabolism of Lp-X. The value and limitations of Lp-X determinations will also be addressed in this review.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80068156

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholestasis|*BL/DI; Lipoprotein-X|*BL/IP/PH
MeSH Heading: Alkaline Phosphatase|ME; Amino Acids|BL; Animal; Apoproteins|BL; Bile Acids and Salts|BL; Chemistry; Cholesterol|BL; Cholesterol Esters|BL; Human; Immunologic Techniques; Lecithin Acyltransferase Deficiency|BL; Lipoproteins|BL; Nucleotidases|ME; Phospholipids|BL; Pyrophosphatases|ME; Research

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0590-8191
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 22 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Feedback regulation of metabolism by dietary constituents: lipids.
Author: Mancini M; Postiglione A; di Marino L
Address
Source: Nutr Metab, 1977, 21:1-3, 13-25
Abstract: Cholesterol is distributed in different body pools, Input in these pools takes place through absorption of dietary cholesterol and endogenous synthesis. Absorption is limited in man. Endogenous synthesis is under negative feedback control, but its physiological relevance in man is less well established. Recent studies in familial hypercholesterolemia have shown a slower catabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and an overproduction of apoprotein B. It seems that also the synthesis of the apoprotein B is controlled by a feedback mechanism. Overall concentration of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma is determined by the interaction between several genetic and dietary feedback mechanisms.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78031568

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|BI/BL/*ME; Cholesterol, Dietary|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Human; Hyperlipidemia|GE/ME; Intestinal Absorption; Nutrition; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0029-6678
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND

Record 23 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between lipids: influence on organization and function of lipids in membranes.
Author: Boggs JM
Address
Source: Can J Biochem, 1980 Oct, 58:10, 755-70
Abstract: Biological membranes have unique lipid compositions suggesting a specific role for many lipids. Evidence is reviewed concerning the intermolecular forces between glycero- and sphingolipids and cholesterol, the dependence of many of these interactions on the state of ionization of lipids, pH, ionic strength, and divalent cation concentration. The effect of intermolecular interactions between certain lipids on lipid clustering, interaction with cholesterol, on the conformation of proteins, and on transitions to the hexagonal phase is considered. Other forces which cause lipids phase separation or clustering are discussed. It is concluded that lipids are in dynamic equilibrium with their environment and can act as receptors for certain intra- or extra-cellular stimuli, which they can translate into a response by undergoing changes in fluidity, phase transitions, or phase separation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81111501

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MeSH Heading (Major): Membrane Lipids|AN/*PH
MeSH Heading: Animal; Calcium; Cell Membrane|PH; Chemistry; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids|AN; Glycerides; Human; Hydrogen Bonding; Intracellular Membranes|PH; Phospholipids|PH; Sphingolipids; Structure-Activity Relationship; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0008-4018
Country of Publication: CANADA
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Fatty Acids); 0 (Glycerides); 0 (Membrane Lipids); 0 (Phospholipids); 0 (Sphingolipids); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 7440-70-2 (Calcium)

Record 24 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Multivalent feedback regulation of HMG CoA reductase, a control mechanism coordinating isoprenoid synthesis and cell growth.
Author: Brown MS; Goldstein JL
Address
Source: J Lipid Res, 1980 Jul, 21:5, 505-17
Abstract: The availability of compactin (ML-236B), a potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, has permitted the demonstration of a hitherto unsuspected aspect of mevalonate metabolism and isoprenoid synthesis in cultured mammalian cells. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, the enzyme that synthesizes mevalonate, appears to be regulated through a multivalent feedback mechanism. Full suppression of the reductase requires the presence of at least two regulators: 1) cholesterol, which is normally derived exogenously from plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL), and 2) a nonsterol product, which is normally synthesized endogenously from mevalonate. Evidence indicates that both of these regulators of the reductase may be essential for the growth of mammalian cells in culture. The multivalent feedback regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, together with secondary regulatory changes in other enzymes of the sterol synthetic pathway, coordinates the branched pathway of mevalonate metabolism so as to assure a constant supply of cholesterol and nonsterol products. These new findings have important implications for the understanding of isoprenoid metabolism and its relation to cell growth.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80250689

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases|*ME; Mevalonic Acid|ME/*PD
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cholesterol|ME; Cricetulus; Feedback; Female; Fibroblasts|EN; Hamsters; Human; Kinetics; Lipoproteins, LDL|ME; Naphthalenes|PD; Ovary; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0022-2275
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: EC 1.1.1.88 (Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases); 0 (Naphthalenes); 150-97-0 (Mevalonic Acid); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 73573-88-3 (compactin)

Record 25 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Evolution of the LDL receptor concept-from cultured cells to intact animals.
Author: Brown MS; Kovanen PT; Goldstein JL
Address
Source: Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1980, 348:, 48-68
Abstract: The initial observations in cultured fibroblasts made six years ago allowed the formulation of a series of hypotheses concerning LDL metabolism in tissues of animals and man. The most important of these hypotheses was that a large fraction of LDL was removed from plasma by a specific receptor-mediated uptake mechanism whose function was to supply cholesterol to extrahepatic cells. This hypothesis is strongly supported by genetic observations in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and by studies of the four model systems discussed above. These studies by no means solve all of the important questions about LDL metabolism. We still need to know which tissues take up the most LDL; we need to know how much LDL is cleared by the liver and whether this clearance involves the same LDL receptor that operates in extra-hepatic cells; we need to know the mechanism for the clearance of the one-half to two-thirds of LDL that leaves the plasma by receptor-independent pathways; and finally we need to know how an abnormal accumulation of LDL in the plasma leads to the deposition of cholesterol in scavenger cells and produces atherosclerosis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80240490

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MeSH Heading (Major): Lipoproteins, LDL|BL/DF/*ME; Receptors, Drug|GE/*ME
MeSH Heading: Adenine|AA/PD; Animal; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol|ME; Ethinyl Estradiol|PD; Fibroblasts|ME; Human; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|ME; Leukocytes|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0077-8923
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Receptors, Drug); 2380-63-4 (4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine); 57-63-6 (Ethinyl Estradiol); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 73-24-5 (Adenine)

Record 26 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Composition of the lipids in human milk: a review.
Author: Jensen RG; Clark RM; Ferris AM
Address
Source: Lipids, 1980 May, 15:5, 345-55
Abstract: Recent publications on the composition of human milk are reviewed. The importance of proper sampling is discussed. Fat contents of 2.6-4.5% and cholesterol amounts of 200-650 mg/100 g fat were reported. The phytosterols in milk were increased by the consumption of these sterols. Phytosterols could contribute to the "total cholesterol" in milk if analyses are done colorimetrically. The fatty acid composition is remarkably uniform unless bizarre diets are consumed; the amounts of linoleic acid vary the most. Phospholipids contained more long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than triacylglycerols.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80231560

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MeSH Heading (Major): Lipids|*AN; Milk, Human|*AN
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cattle; Cholesterol|AN; Comparative Study; Fats|AN; Fatty Acids|AN; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|AN; Female; Human; Membrane Lipids|AN; Milk|AN; Phospholipids|AN; Pregnancy; Sterols|AN; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Vegetarianism

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0024-4201
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Fats); 0 (Fatty Acids); 0 (Fatty Acids, Unsaturated); 0 (Membrane Lipids); 0 (Phospholipids); 0 (Sterols); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 27 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism.
Author: Baraona E; Lieber CS
Address
Source: J Lipid Res, 1979 Mar, 20:3, 289-315
Abstract: Alcohol promotes accumulation of fat in the liver mainly by substitution of ethanol for fatty acids as the major hepatic fuel. The degree of lipid accumulation depends on the supply of dietary fat. Progressive alteration of the mitochondria, which occurs during chronic alcohol consumption, decreases fatty acid oxidation by interfering with citric acid cycle activity. This block is partially compensated for by increased ketone body production, which results in ketonemia. Thus, mitochondrial damage perpetuates fatty acid accumulation even in the absence of ethanol oxidation. Alcohol facilitates esterification of the accumulated fatty acids to triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters, all of which accumulate in the liver. The accumulated lipids are disposed of in part as serum lipoprotein, resulting in moderate hyperlipemia. In some individuals with pre-existing alterations of lipid metabolism, small ethanol dose may provoke marked hyperlipemia which responds to alcohol withdrawal. Inhibition of the catabolism of cholesterol to bile salt may contribute to the hepatic accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. The capacity of lipoprotein production and hyperlipemia development increases during chronic alcohol consumption, probably as a result of the concomitant hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, this compensation is relatively inefficient in ridding the liver of fat. This inefficiency may be linked to alterations of hepatic microtubules induced by ethanol or its metabolites, which interfere with the export of protein from liver to serum, promoting hepatic accumulation of proteins as well as fat. As liver injury aggravates, hyperlipemia wanes and liver steatosis is exaggerated. Derangements of serum lipids similar to those found in other types of liver disease also become apparent. The changes in serum lipids may be a sensitive indicator of the progression of liver damage in the alcoholic.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79195642

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MeSH Heading (Major): Alcohol, Ethyl|ME/*TO; Alcoholism|*ME; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic|*ET/ME; Lipids|*ME
MeSH Heading: Adipose Tissue|ME; Animal; Atherosclerosis|CI; Cholesterol|ME; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fatty Acids|ME; Human; Hyperlipidemia|CI; Lipid Mobilization; Lipoproteins|ME; Lipotropic Agents|PD; Liver|DE/ME; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic|ET; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0022-2275
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 28 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Age-dependence of molecular and functional changes in biological membrane properties.
Author: Hegner D
Address
Source: Mech Ageing Dev, 1980 Sep-Oct, 14:1-2, 101-18
Abstract: Some general aspects including results on the possible mechanisms of membrane ageing are reviewed. The liquid-crystalline fluid state of a biological membrane is an essential condition for maintenance of different membrane functions. The liquid-crystalline state of different plasma membranes changes with age of the organism. The degree of unsaturated fatty acids decreases and the content of cholesterol increases during ageing. It could be shown that superoxide radicals originate from minor side-reactions of oxidoreductase enzymes. Ageing increases the amount of superoxide radicals. A small amount of radicals escape quenching by superoxide dismutase. The formation of radicals leads to degradation of membrane lipids. The age-dependent changes in membrane lipid composition influence respiratory activity in rat heart mitochondria of old animals. Rat liver plasma membrane lipids also show a decrease in membrane fluidity which results in a change in transport parameters of cholic acid and thymidine. The change in age-dependent lipid-protein interactions was demonstrated by spin-label measurements in model membranes. The results demonstrated that peroxidative break-down of lipids is an ongoing post-transcriptional process of ageing. The possible role of protective repair mechanisms is discussed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81147168

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MeSH Heading (Major): Aging|*; Cell Membrane|*PH
MeSH Heading: Animal; Biological Transport; Chemistry; Cholesterol|ME; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|ME; Free Radicals; Human; Lipids|PH; Membrane Fluidity; Membrane Proteins|PH; Mitochondria, Heart|ME; Oxidoreductases|ME; Superoxides|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0047-6374
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND
CAS Registry/EC Number: EC 1. (Oxidoreductases); 0 (Fatty Acids, Unsaturated); 0 (Free Radicals); 0 (Membrane Proteins); 11062-77-4 (Superoxides); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 29 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Effects of dietary fibre on serum lipid levels and fecal bile acid excretion.
Author: Kay RM
Address
Source: Can Med Assoc J, 1980 Dec 20, 123:12, 1213-7
Abstract: Epidemiologic studies have suggested that dietary fibre protects humans against coronary heart disease, but interpretation of the data is confounded by coexisting differences in both dietary and environmental variables. The hypocholesterolemic action of dietary fibre varies: in general mucilaginous fibres such as pectin and oat bran are more effective than particulate fibres such as wheat bran. Although the mechanism of action of mucilaginous fibres is not completely understood, there is evidence that they induce small increases in the fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids that are not fully compensated for by de novo cholesterol synthesis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81111680

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cellulose|*ME; Cholesterol|*BL; Dietary Fiber|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Bile|ME; Coronary Disease|PC; Dietary Fats; Feces|AN; Human; Intestinal Absorption; Lipoproteins|BL; Male; Middle Age; Rats; Steroids|ME; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Triglycerides|BL

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