100 Different Cholesterol Studies

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Table Of Contents

100 Different Cholesterol Studies
From 1970 to 1979
(Lower Section Shows The Only Two Studies Earlier)

Life Flow One
The Solution For Heart Disease

by
Karl Loren

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Links To Scientific Studies About Cholesterol
Click Here To Jump To The Study	Title Or Description	Comments
...1...	Nutrition imbalance and angiotoxins as dietary risk factors in coronary heart disease.
...2...	Desaturation of bile and cholesterol gallstone dissolution with chenodeoxycholic acid.
...3...	Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. New perspectives based on the Framingham study.
...4...	High-density lipoproteins in the prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease. Part II. Biochemical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
...5...	Studies on the effects of hormones on cholesterol synthesis in mammalian cells in culture.
...6...	Hyperlipidaemia in children.
...7...	Lipoprotein receptors, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis.
...8...	Gallstones. The present and future of medical dissolution.
...9...	Cholesterol embolism: the great masquerader.
...10...	Gallstone dissolution--a progress report.
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...11...	A reappraisal of the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents.
...12...	Intrahepatic metabolism and secretion of biliary lipids.
...13...	Effect of deoxycholic acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in normal subjects.
...14...	HDL-cholesterol: the negative risk factor for coronary heart disease.
...15...	Cholesterol methodology for human studies.
...16...	Dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol levels in coronary heart disease.
...17...	Milk, serum cholesterol, and the Maasai. A hypothesis.
...18...	The cholesterol problem, the egg and lipid metabolism in the laying hen.	In any event, a great deal more evidence from well constructed human diet studies will be needed before low cholesterol diets can be recommended to the general population as an aid to control of cholesterol balance and heart disease.
...19...	Pathogenesis of human cholesterol cholelithiasis.
...20...	Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system.
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...21...	Lipoprotein-X.
...22...	Feedback regulation of metabolism by dietary constituents: lipids.
...23...	Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between lipids: influence on organization and function of lipids in membranes.
...24...	Multivalent feedback regulation of HMG CoA reductase, a control mechanism coordinating isoprenoid synthesis and cell growth.
...25...	Evolution of the LDL receptor concept-from cultured cells to intact animals.
...26...	Composition of the lipids in human milk: a review.
...27...	Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism.
...28...	Age-dependence of molecular and functional changes in biological membrane properties.
...29...	Effects of dietary fibre on serum lipid levels and fecal bile acid excretion.
...30...	The role of physical activity in the prevention of ischaemic heart disease. A review.
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...31...	Multi-laboratory comparison of three heparin-Mn2+ precipitation procedures for estimating cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein.
...32...	Lipoproteins and lipid transport.
...33...	Fructose as a dietary sweetener in diabetes mellitus.
...34...	Is atherosclerosis reversible?
...35...	Dietary recommendations for the community towards the postponement of coronary heart disease.
...36...	The dynamics of membrane structure.
...37...	HDL - should we be 'chasing' it now?	Although 'within defined population groups the association of low HDL level with increased coronary risk seems to be established', the author concludes 'The inverse relation between plasma HDL level and risk of CHD remains a phenomenon that we cannot explain in scientific terms'.
...38...	Further leads on metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer.
...39...	Management of gallstones in the aged.
...40...	Dietary management of the pregnant diabetic.
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...41...	Biochemical basis for the selection of oral contraceptives.
...42...	The effect of exercise on plasma high density lipoproteins.
...43...	Plasma lipoproteins and coronary heart disease.
...44...	Recent progress in the development of radioimmunoassays for human serum lipoproteins.
...45...	Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: a critique.	The question is whether alteration of risk factors will aid primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Critical review of available evidence indicates that inferences have been made about the beneficial effects of risk factor modification without an adequate test of the hypothesis. Trial interventions to assess the efficacy of serum cholesterol-lowering measures have had negative or equivocal results.
...46...	Phospholipid unsaturation and plasma membrane organization.
...47...	Dietetic treatment of obesity with low and high-carbohydrate diets: comparative studies and clinical results.
...48...	The regulation of prostaglandin E1 formation: a candidate for one of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the actions of vitamin C.
...49...	The origins of atherosclerosis.
...50...	George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Lifestyles, major risk factors, proof and public policy.
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...51...	Transient monocular blindness.
...52...	Pigment gallstones.
...53...	Gardner's syndrome. Recent developments in research and management.
...54...	Cause and course of acute myocardial infarction.
...55...	Fat embolism syndrome: traumatic coagulopathy with respiratory distress.
...56...	Angina pectoris among 10,000 men. II. Psychosocial and other risk factors as evidenced by a multivariate analysis of a five year incidence study.
...57...	Bile salts and gallstone disease.
...58...	Cardiovascular disease in uremic patients on hemodialysis.
...59...	Primary prevention of atherosclerosis: nutritional aspects.
...60...	Androgens.
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...61...	Oral contraceptive hypertension and thromboembolism.
...62...	Interventions in atherosclerosis: a review for surgeons.
...63...	Biochemical anomalies of the nephrotic syndrome.
...64...	Pericardial heart disease.
...65...	The applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassays to clinical obstetrics.
...66...	The effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid on lipid metabolism.
...67...	Cholelithiasis. Review of advances in research.
...68...	American Academy of Pediatrics. Nutrition Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Breast-feeding. A commentary in celebration of the International Year of the Child, 1979.
...69...	Vessel injury and atherosclerosis.
...70...	Essential fatty acids and the vulnerability of the artery during growth.
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...71...	A review of research examining the coronary-prone behavior pattern.
...72...	The enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in healthy man: quantitative description and functions.
...73...	The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man.
...74...	Diabetes and the heart: coronary heart disease.
...75...	Bile acids, diarrhea, and antibiotics: data, speculation, and a unifying hypothesis
...76...	Hyperlipoproteinemia in renal insufficiency.
...77...	The lipid metabolism of the arterial wall and its abnormalities in diabetes.
...78...	Diet, nutrition, and cancer.
...79...	The management of hyperlipidemia: whether, rather than how.	The premise that measures used to lower the plasma lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia will lead to reductions in new events of coronary heart disease (the Lipid Hypothesis) should be reconsidered today as a result of several recent reports of large-scale double-blind drug trials in the United Kingdom and in the United States.
...80...	The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man.
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...81...	Primary prevention of atherosclerosis: a challenge to the physician caring for children.
...82...	Corneal arcus and hyperlipoproteinaemia.
...83...	HDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease.
...84...	Relative atherogenicity of different plasma lipoproteins.
...85...	Animal models of human cholesterol gallstone disease: a review.
...86...	Fiber and gastrointestinal microecology.
...87...	Is atheroma a reversible lesion?
...88...	Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review.
...89...	Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review.
...90...	Importance of apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism.
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...91...	Diet and coronary heart disease.
...92...	Perspectives in coronary prevention.
...93...	Fiber, intestinal sterols, and colon cancer.
...94...	Are atherosclerotic lesions reversible or not?
...95...	Hematologic aberrations in metabolic diseases.
...96...	Colestipol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
...97...	Beneficial physiologic action of beans.
...98...	Hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue.
...99...	Hormone production in ovarian carcinomas. Histochemical approach in stroma reaction.
...100...	Pathophysiology of lipoprotein transport.
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The Following Two Studies Are Dated Prior To 1970
...101...	On the stratification of human bile and its importance for the solubility of cholesterol.
...102...	Tropical sprue in expatriates from the tropics living in the continental United States.

HealthGate Documents

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Nutrition imbalance and angiotoxins as dietary risk factors in coronary heart disease.
Author: Kummerow FA
Address
Source: Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 Jan, 32:1, 58-83
Abstract: Imbalancing nutritionally adequate diets with an excessive amount of fat calories and cholesterol has obscured the fact that intimal thickening occurs spontaneously in time on low-fat cholesterol-free diets during the aging process, and that intimal thickening can be accelerated by dietary angiotoxic "risk factors." Electron microscopy of arterial tissue from animal models identified degenerated smooth muscle cells in the fetus from sows kept on low-fat cholesterol-free diets. After birth, the degenerated smooth muscle cells increased in number with age. The presence of angiotoxic "risk factors" such as oxidized cholesterol and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the diet of such animal models increased the frequency of smooth muscle cell death in their arteries. Two types of pathology could be developed in the thoracic aorta by continuous or short term feeding of 12.5 times more vitamin D than normally present in commercial rations: 1) a diffuse fibroelastic intimal thickening in the thoracic aorta (arteriosclerosis) with no evidence of lipid deposition by continuous feeding of vitamin D or 2) an initimal thickening in the thoracic aorta and intimal thickening with foam cells and extracellular lipid deposits (atherosclerosis) in the coronary arteries after a short period of supplemental vitamin D followed by 3 to 4 months of supplement-free diets. These two types of arterial damage were identical to that in the plugs of thoracic aorta obtained as a by-product of elective coronary bypass surgery. Although all of the possible sources of oxidized cholesterol in the diet have as yet not been identified, laboratory studies have identified oxidized cholesterol as an angiotoxic factor. Since population groups that consume less vitamin D-supplemented foods, less deep fat fried cholesterol-containing foods, and less hydrogenated fats have a lower incidence of coronary heart disease than Americans, it seems judicious for food processors to reduce these previously unconsidered risk factors to a minimum. This could be done by eliminating vitamin D2 and D3 from all vitamin supplements, from all food and cereal products and from the diet of livestock 1 month before they were killed so that the intake of vitamin D is no larger than the 400 IU/quart in milk which is necessary to prevent rickets in children. Deep fat fryers, which are kept at almost 200 C for 24 hr/day, could perhaps be replaced with microwave ovens in fast food chain outlets. Processors could hydrogenate vegetable oils to a minimum trans fatty acid content and rearrange this fat with polyunsaturated fats to produce high polyunsaturated fats trans-free margarines and shortenings.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79101156

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|CI/EP/*ET; Cholecalciferol|*PO; Cholesterol|*AA/PO; Coronary Disease|*ET; Diet|*ST
MeSH Heading: Aging; Animal; Aorta, Thoracic|PA; Aortic Diseases|ET; Cell Survival|DE; Cholesterol, Dietary; Dietary Fats|AD; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Fats, Unsaturated; Female; Human; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Myocardium|ME; Oxidation-Reduction; Pregnancy; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9165
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Desaturation of bile and cholesterol gallstone dissolution with chenodeoxycholic acid.
Author: Hofmann AF
Address
Source: Am J Clin Nutr, 1977 Jun, 30:6, 993-1000
Abstract: The feeding of one of the major biliary bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid, at a dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg per day causes the circulating bile acid pool to become greatly enriched in this bile acid. When chenodeoxycholic acid composes more than 70% of the biliary bile acids, the amount of cholesterol secreted in bile falls, and bile becomes unsaturated in cholesterol. If cholesterol gallstones are present and are exposed to this unsaturated bile, they will dissolve in 4 to 24 months in the majority of patients. Extensive clinical experience indicates that such medical therapy is safe, despite unequivocal toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in several nonhuman primates. When therapy is stopped, bile resaturates, and stones may recur. Since cholecystecomy is a rapid, safe, effective, and usually permanent treatment for all gallstones, the value of medical therapy remains uncertain at present, except for patients in whom surgery is inadvisable. Nonetheless, the demonstration that chenodeoxycholic acid ingestion will desaturate bile and induce gallstone dissolution would appear to be an important pharmacological advance.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77199121

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile|DE/*ME/SE; Chenodeoxycholic Acid|ME/*TU; Cholelithiasis|*DT/PP; Cholesterol|*/ME
MeSH Heading: Adult; Animal; Bile Acids and Salts|ME; Human; Liver|ME; Stereoisomerism; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9165
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. New perspectives based on the Framingham study.
Author: Kannel WB; Castelli WP; Gordon T
Address
Source: Ann Intern Med, 1979 Jan, 90:1, 85-91
Abstract: Prospective data at Framingham and elsewhere have shown conclusively that risk of coronary heart disease in persons younger than age 50 is strikingly related to the serum total cholesterol level. Within so-called normal limits risk has been found to mount over a five-fold range. The impact has been found to be augmented by other risk factors. The contribution of the serum total cholesterol to risk has also been found to be determined by its partition in the various lipoprotein fractions. A relatively large amount of cholesterol in the low-density lipoprotein fraction is atherogenic, whereas that in the high-density fraction appears protective. The independent contribution of very-low density lipoprotein and its triglyceride or cholesterol content has, on the other hand, not been established. The previous position that virtually all of the lipid information pertaining to coronary heart disease resided in the serum total cholesterol must be accordingly modified.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79122614

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*ET; Atherosclerosis|BL/DH/*ET; Cholesterol|*BL
MeSH Heading: Age Factors; Aged; Coronary Disease|BL/ET/PC; Female; Human; Hyperlipidemia|BL/GE; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Male; Middle Age; Prospective Studies; Risk; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0003-4819
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: High-density lipoproteins in the prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease. Part II. Biochemical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Author: Berger GM
Address
Source: S Afr Med J, 1978 Oct 21, 54:17, 693-7
Abstract: Evidence is presented that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) promotes the efflux of cholesterol from cells in vitro, and may thus play an important role in the transport of cholesterol from non-hepatic tissues to the liver for excretion. Hypothetical schemes are presented whereby this may be achieved in vivo. This putative function of HDL may be of particular importance in situations in which the capacity of cells to limit the uptake of cholesterol is exceeded, and may therefore constitute the basis for the proposed antiatherogenic action of plasma HDL. However, direct data on the transport function of HDL in intact organisms are meagre. Furthermore, a characteristic of mature atherosclerotic lesions is the extracellular, rather than the intracellular, deposition of cholesterol and other lipids, and the degree to which HDL may influence this process has not been demonstrated. Finally, in inherited disorders which markedly impair the putative HDL transport pathway, atherosclerotic heart disease is generally not an early or severe complication. Despite these caveats, the physiological significance of HDL deserves further attention in order to clarify the uncertainties enumerated above. The clinical application of plasma HDL assay is limited at present to excluding the clinically non-deleterious condition of hyperalpha (HDL)-lipoproteinaemia in patients suffering from familial hypercholesterolaemia.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79118087

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|ET/*ME/PC; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL/ME/PH
MeSH Heading: Adrenal Cortex|CY; Anticholesteremic Agents; Atherosclerosis|ME; Cells, Cultured|ME; Cholesterol|ME; Cholesterol Esters|ME; Chylomicrons|BI; Esterification; Human; Lipoproteins, LDL|AI; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BI; Liver|ME; Tangier Disease|ME; Whole-Body Counting

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-2469
Country of Publication: SOUTH AFRICA

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Studies on the effects of hormones on cholesterol synthesis in mammalian cells in culture.
Author: Avigan J
Address
Source: Expos Annu Biochim Med, 1977, 33:, 1-11
Abstract: The studies described here suggest the potential physiological role of polypeptide and corticosteroid hormones in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis. Evidence was shown for substantial differences between various cell types in their responses to these agents and for certain degree of independence of the effects on biosynthesis of cholesterol from those on protein and DNA synthesis. Cholesterol synthesis and HMGCoA reductase are stimulated in a number of diploid cell lines following an incubation with insulin or with glucocorticoids for 4 hr or longer. Stimulation of sterol synthesis by insulin and by dexamethasone requires protein synthesis, but the two hormones do not compete for the same site. Addition of glucagon or of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP by PGE1 does not inhibit cholesterol synthesis in skin fibroblasts. A possibility of a relationship between the mechanisms of the hormonal effects and of feedback control of cholesterol synthesis is suggested.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77246619

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BI; Cyclic AMP|*PD; Dexamethasone|*PD; Glucagon|*PD; Insulin|*PD; Prostaglandins E|*PD
MeSH Heading: Animal; Aorta|DE/ME; Bucladesine|PD; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Cycloheximide|PD; DNA|BI; Fibroblasts|ME; Human; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases|ME; Kinetics; Rabbits; Skin|DE/ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-9076
Country of Publication: FRANCE

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Hyperlipidaemia in children.
Author: Lloyd JK
Address
Source: Br Heart J, 1975 Feb, 37:2, 105-14
Abstract: Hyperlipidaemia in children is most commonly expressed as hypercholesterolaemia. "Normal values" for serum cholesterol, if defined statistically, vary between communities, and levels of cholesterol in childhood above which an increased risk of coronary heart disease in adult life may be expected have not been firmly established. It is suggested that serum cholesterol concentration over 250 mg/dl (6.47 mmol/l) in a child over 1 year of age merits detailed investigation, including full lipoprotein analysis, and levels of serum cholesterol between230 and 250 mg/dl (5.95-6.47 mmol/l) should be repeated with further studies if indicated. Secondary hyperlipoproteinaemia rarely presents diagnostic problems but must always be excluded. The only primary hyperlipoproteinaemia likely to be encountered in childhood is familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia in its common heterozygous form. The most effective means to date of lowering serum cholesterol in this condition is cholestyramine, but the long-term consequences of therapy are not known and treatment should at present be limited to children from high-risk families. Long-term follow-up is essential and until results of such studies are available population screening is unjustified.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75127804

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hypercholesterolemia|*/CL; Hyperlipidemia|*/CL/CO/DI/DT/GE
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholestasis|CO; Cholesterol|BL; Cholestyramine|TU; Chylomicrons|BL; Coronary Disease|ET; Diabetes Mellitus|CO; Electrophoresis; Fasting; Glucose-6-Phosphatase|DF; Glycogen Storage Disease|CO; Human; Hypothyroidism|CO; Infant; Lipoproteins|BL; Liver Diseases|CO; Nephrotic Syndrome|CO; Puberty; Triglycerides|BL; Xanthomatosis|ET

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0007-0769
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Lipoprotein receptors, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis.
Author: Goldstein JL; Brown MS
Address
Source: Arch Pathol, 1975 Apr, 99:4, 181-4
Abstract: Deposition of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of human atherosclerosis. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which cells normally regulate their cholesterol ester content. Recent studies in cultured human cells demonstrate the existence of a cell surface receptor that binds plasma low density lipoproteins and regulates the sterol content of cells by modulating the rates of uptake, esterification, and synthesis of cholesterol. A possible role for this lipoprotein receptor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is discussed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75108544

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*ET; Atherosclerosis|*ET/ME; Binding Sites|*; Cholesterol|BI/*ME; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL/*ME
MeSH Heading: Alcohol Oxidoreductases|AI; Animal; Aorta|ME; Enzyme Repression; Esters; Fibroblasts|ME; Glutarates; Human; Hyperlipidemia|GE/ME; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lysosomes|ME; Protein Binding

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0003-9985
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Gallstones. The present and future of medical dissolution.
Author: Pearlman BJ; Schoenfield LJ
Address
Source: Med Clin North Am, 1978 Jan, 62:1, 87-105
Abstract: Adequate concentrations of bile acids and phospholipids are necessary to keep cholesterol in solution in bile. When the amount of cholesterol exceeds the capacity of bile acids and phospholipids to keep the cholesterol in micellar solution, bile becomes supersaturated; then, under appropriate conditions, cholesterol crystals form and gallstones may develop. Current dissolution therapy is aimed at desaturating the bile, thereby shifting the equilibrium of cholesterol from a crystalline phase back toward a micellar state, thus permitting gallstones to dissolve. Chenodeoxycholic acid is the drug being most extensively tested for efficacy in dissolution; at present, it is successful in about 60 per cent of cases. The primary mechanism of action appears to be suppression of biliary secretion of cholesterol. Further experience is needed to confirm the safety of chenodeoxycholic acid, to gain more precision in patient selection, and to determine ideal dose. The role of chenodeoxycholic acid in prophylaxis and in prevention of recurrence needs further study. Other potential agents for dissolution also deserve investigation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78090870

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MeSH Heading (Major): Chenodeoxycholic Acid|*TU; Cholelithiasis|*DT/ET/PP; Cholesterol|*PH
MeSH Heading: Adult; Age Factors; Animal; Bile Acids and Salts|PH/TU; Common Bile Duct Calculi|DT; Female; Haplorhini; Human; Indians, North American; Macaca mulatta; Male; Middle Age; Sex Factors; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0025-7125
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cholesterol embolism: the great masquerader.
Author: Darsee JR
Address
Source: South Med J, 1979 Feb, 72:2, 174-80
Abstract: Embolization of cholesterol crystals from ulcerated atheromatous lesions can produce distinct syndromes that mimic more common disease processes. Cholesterol emboli can present as renal failure, hypertension, spells of numbness, abdominal pain, and myocardial infarction, or as a multisystem disease that closely approximates the presentation, clinical course, and even biopsy picture of polymyositis or periarteritis nodosa. A review of this problem with particular attention to the clinical presentations should help in the early diagnosis and treatment of cholesterol emboli and avoid unnecessary and inappropriate therapies.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79138904

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*; Embolism, Fat|CO/*DI/TH
MeSH Heading: Aortic Diseases|DI/ET; Aortic Valve Insufficiency|CO; Blindness|ET; Cerebral Ischemia, Transient|DI/ET; Diagnosis, Differential; Human; Hypertension|ET; Intestinal Diseases|ET; Kidney Diseases|DI/ET; Pancreatitis|DI; Syndrome; Vasculitis|ET

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-4348
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 10 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Gallstone dissolution--a progress report.
Author: Pearlman BJ; Marks JW; Bonorris GG; Schoenfield LJ
Address
Source: Clin Gastroenterol, 1979 Jan, 8:1, 123-40
Abstract: Cholesterol gallstone formation occurs in three stages. First, the bile must be saturated with cholesterol, thereby allowing cholesterol crystals to form. Then, nucleation and growth of the gallstone can occur, although little is known about these latter two stages. Therapy for dissolution of gallstones is directed at desaturating the bile. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), the most extensively tested agent, is successful in dissolving 60 per cent of radiolucent gallstones; however, long-term safety remains to be demonstrated. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the 7 beta epimer of CDCA, is a promising agent for cholesterol gallstone dissolution, but it, other potential agents, and dietary manipulations require more extensive study. An important problem, the prevention of recurrence of gallstones after dissolution, also needs resolution. Medical dissolution probably will be applicable as an alternative to cholecystectomy for most patients with radiolucent gallstones, but the specific relative indications remain to be determined. A variety of modalities, both medical and surgical, are being used for the treatment of retained or reformed bile duct stones. These include T-tube infusions, oral CDCA, and extraction either through the T-tube tract or after endoscopic papillotomy. Further studies, including controlled trials, are necessary to determine the relative indications for these methods.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79126287

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|*/DT/ET
MeSH Heading: Animal; Bile|ME; Bile Acids and Salts|ME/TU; Chenodeoxycholic Acid|AE/ME/PD; Cholesterol|ME; Common Bile Duct Calculi|DT; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic|AE; Deoxycholic Acid|AA/ME/PD; Diarrhea|CI; Enterohepatic Circulation; Estrogens|AE; Female; Hepatitis, Toxic|ET; Human; Liver|DE; Male; Phosphatidylcholines|ME; Pregnancy; Recurrence; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-5089
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: A reappraisal of the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents.
Author: Sodhi HS; Kudchodkar BJ; Clifford C; Borhani N; Mason DT
Address
Source: Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 109:, 331-45
Abstract: The most commonly used methods to study the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of therapeutic agents generally determine the turnover of total (exchangeable) cholesterol pools in the body. This approach is based on the view that whatever increases the total load of cholesterol in the body will increase the levels of plasma cholesterol, and vice versa. Despite the importance of this assumption it has never been tested, and there is no evidence to indicate that it is valid under all conditions. This "overload" hypothesis dates from the times before the importance of plasma lipoproteins was recognized and their role in the transport of lipids was well understood. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the levels of plasma cholesterol are determined more directly by the "transport" of cholesterol into and out of plasma compartment by lipoproteins than by the synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the total body pools. Any effects that the latter parameters of cholesterol metabolism have on the levels of plasma cholesterol must be mediated through changes in synthesis and the subsequent metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. In other words, in any equation relating changes in the levels of plasma cholesterol to the changes in synthesis, absorption and elimination of cholesterol from the body pools we must consider the "transport" of cholesterol by lipoproteins and their metabolism.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79079847

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MeSH Heading (Major): Anticholesteremic Agents|*PD
MeSH Heading: Animal; Atherosclerosis|ME; Biological Transport|DE; Cholesterol|BL/ME; Human; Lipoproteins|ME; Models, Biological

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0065-2598
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Intrahepatic metabolism and secretion of biliary lipids.
Author: Montet JC; Gerolami A
Address
Source: Digestion, 1978 Jul-Aug, 17:4, 346-64
Abstract: The purpose of this work is to review the arguments which support the role of mixed micelle formation in the biliary secretion of lipids. These arguments are derived from in vitro physicochemical studies and from results obtained in vivo during biliary drainage in animals and in man. They show that, for the essential, mixed micelle formation between lecithins, cholesterol and bile salts can explain the biliary lipid secretion. The amount of lipids transported into the bile depends on the intrahepatic metabolism of cholesterol and lecithins. Different bile salts have opposite effects on the saturation of bile with cholesterol. During chronic administration of bile salts, the differences may be explained by specific actions on cholesterol metabolism and particularly on cholesterol absorption. On the contrary, during acute injection of bile salts, in most animal species, those bile salts which have the greatest ability of dissolving cholesterol in vitro (dihydroxy being more efficient than trihydroxy) are those which determine the greatest biliary secretion of cholesterol.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78215449

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile|*ME; Lipids|*ME; Liver|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Bile Acids and Salts|AD/ME; Cholesterol|ME; Choline|AD; Diet; Human; Phenobarbital|PD; Phosphatidylcholines|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0012-2823
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND

Record 13 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Effect of deoxycholic acid ingestion on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid secretion in normal subjects.
Author: LaRusso NF; Szczepanik PA; Hofmann AF
Address
Source: Gastroenterology, 1977 Jan, 72:1, 132-40
Abstract: The effect of deoxycholate ingestion, 750 mg per day, on bile acid kinetics, biliary bile acid composition, and biliary lipid secretion was studied in 7 healthy volunteers. Bile acid kinetics were measured by isotope dilution, and hourly outputs of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid were quantitated by a duodenal perfusion technique during a 24-hr period which included three liquid meals and an overnight fast. Biliary bile acid composition was assessed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After deoxycholic acid ingestion, biliary bile acids became composed of predominantly deoxycholyl conjugates, and deoxycholic acid pools increased 4-fold. Both chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid pools decreased, and daily synthesis of each of the primary bile acids was inhibited by 50%. Total bile acid pools did not change in any consistent manner. Daily bile acid secretion increased slightly during deoxycholic acid ingestion, and recycling frequency varied reciprocally with the total bile acid pool both before and during deoxycholic acid treatment. Deoxycholic acid ingestion caused no change in either the daily secretion of cholesterol or lecithin, or the cholesterol saturation of fasting-state bile, which remained unsaturated throughout the study. SGOT levels increased to 4 times the upper limits of normal in 2 of 7 subjects, but these levels promptly returned to normal when deoxycholate feeding was stopped. Serum cholesterol levels decreased in every subject (average 15%) during deoxycholic acid administration. No evidence for a direct role of deoxycholate in the pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis was obtained in these studies.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77049514

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile|AN/*DE; Bile Acids and Salts|AN/*ME; Deoxycholic Acid|AN/ME/*PD; Lipids|*SE
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|SE; Clinical Trials; Human; Kinetics; Male; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0016-5085
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 14 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: HDL-cholesterol: the negative risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Author: Tan MH
Address
Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1980 Oct, 9:4, 491-5
Abstract: High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) has emerged as a negative risk factor for coronary heart disease. Humans with low levels of HDL-cholesterol are at greater risk of developing coronary heart disease whereas those with high levels are less prone. The epidemiological and biological evidence of this association are strong. As a predictor of coronary heart disease risk, HDL-cholesterol is independent of the other risk factors and is the most powerful lipid predictor. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the serum HDL-cholesterol level. Two physiological mechanisms may explain the presumed protective effect of HDL-cholesterol. However, controlled trials of intervention on the effect of rising HDL-cholesterol on coronary heart disease risk are not yet available. The physician is recommended to include HDL-cholesterol determination as part of his approach to the management of hyperlipoproteinemia. But he is cautioned against the pitfalls of methodology and data interpretation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81230893

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL; Coronary Disease|*BL; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL
MeSH Heading: Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism|BL; Child; Cholestyramine|PD; Clofibrate|PD; Dietary Fats|AD; Exertion; Female; Human; Hyperlipoproteinemia|GE; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nicotinic Acids|PD; Obesity|BL; Racial Stocks; Risk; Sex Factors; Smoking

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0304-4602
Country of Publication: SINGAPORE
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Dietary Fats); 0 (Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol); 0 (Lipoproteins, HDL); 0 (Nicotinic Acids); 11041-12-6 (Cholestyramine); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 637-07-0 (Clofibrate)

Record 15 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cholesterol methodology for human studies.
Author: Zak B
Address
Source: Lipids, 1980 Sep, 15:9, 698-704
Abstract: A classification and review of the methodology involved in the determination of serum cholesterol for human (or animal) studies are presented. The purpose of both is to enable selection of a technique appropriate for the assay intended with a reasonable understanding of its advantages, disadvantages and limitations. The various methods discussed include direct reaction systems, partial isolation systems and complete isolation systems, as well as screening, reference and definitive procedures. The interferences that could occur are considered, especially those caused by hemoglobin, the turbidity in lipidemia, and bilirubin, as well as interferences caused by optical aberrations and chemical reactants. The various instrumental methods used to determine cholesterol or a substitute determinand such as hydrogen peroxide are discussed, including spectrophotometry, electrochemistry and densitometry of electrophoretically separated proteins.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81029844

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL/IP
MeSH Heading: Animal; Autoanalysis; Bilirubin|BL; Human; Kinetics; Methods; Solvents; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0024-4201
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Solvents); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 635-65-4 (Bilirubin)

Record 16 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol levels in coronary heart disease.
Author: Walker AR
Address
Source: S Afr Med J, 1980 Jul 5, 58:1, 7-12
Abstract: In South Africa tremendous publicity is being given to the very high death rate from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the White and Indian populations. Certain advertisements and articles in the lay press have poured scorn on the advice given to the public by various medical and nutritional bodies to reduce fat intake, especially that of animal origin, in order to lower serum cholesterol level and, hopefully, reduce the occurrence of CHD. Furthermore, a number of overseas critics, some of high standing, have belittled the relationship between diet, in particular fat, and atherogenesis and CHD. In seeking to clarify the situation, a number of questions have been posed and answered from currently available information. It is shown, inter alia, that the principal challenges of skeptics are based on insubstantial evidence. It is concluded that the recommendations of authoritative bodies to combat CHD are worthy of urgent consideration, in respect of both dietary and non-dietary changes. It is maintained that public health benefits--other than the amelioration of CHD--which are achievable by avoiding severe obesity, stopping smoking and reducing hypertension, are beyond dispute.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80259312

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL; Coronary Disease|DH/*ET; Dietary Fats|*/ME/PD
MeSH Heading: Adult; Animal; Atherosclerosis|ET; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol, Dietary|PD; Diet; Eggs; Female; Human; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|CO; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Male; Milk; Nutritional Requirements

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-2469
Country of Publication: SOUTH AFRICA
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Cholesterol, Dietary); 0 (Dietary Fats); 0 (Lipoproteins, HDL); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 17 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Milk, serum cholesterol, and the Maasai. A hypothesis.
Author: Gibney MJ; Burstyn PG
Address
Source: Atherosclerosis, 1980 Mar, 35:3, 339-43
Abstract: The Maasai of East Africa have been found to have low serum concentrations of cholesterol and a low incidence of cardiovascular disease in spite of apparently very high milk intakes. On that basis it has been frequently suggested that milk contains a "hypocholesterolaemic factor". The hypocholesterolaemia of the Maasai had also been attributed to a genetic adaptation. We feel that the milk intakes reported for the Maasai are excessively high and that the low incidence of cardiovascular diseases and low levels of serum cholesterol may be adequately explained by their variable and generally low energy intakes.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80153661

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*BL; Coronary Disease|BL/*EP/GE/UR; Milk|*PH; Negroid Race|*
MeSH Heading: Adult; Animal; Anticholesteremic Agents|PH; Blacks; Calcium, Dietary|PH; Cattle; Cholesterol, Dietary|PD; Glutarates|ME; Human; Kenya; Male; Orotic Acid|ME; Tanzania

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0021-9150
Country of Publication: NETHERLANDS
CAS Registry/EC Number: 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 65-86-1 (Orotic Acid)

Record 18 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The cholesterol problem, the egg and lipid metabolism in the laying hen.
Author: Naber EC
Address
Source: Poult Sci, 1976 Jan, 55:1, 14-30
Abstract: There is little doubt that high blood serum lipid levels are related to a higher incidence of atherosclerotic disease in humans. Experimental evidence to date suggests that dietary intervention can reduce blood lipid levels in most cases and that some small reduction in occurrence of cardiovascular disease will probably result. On the other hand no reduction in total mortality has been demonstrated in the well constructed dietary studies. It appears that there is considerable variation in the human population with regard to their patterns of lipid metabolism. Some apparently regulate body production of cholesterol in response to dietary changes, others do not. Some seem to excrete excess sterols efficiently, while some do not. It seems likely, therefore, that dietary manipulation would be useful for those disposed by heredity and other conditions to accumulation of excessive sterols in the body. On the other hand drug control of cholesterol biosynthesis and/or sterol excretion may be more effective solutions to the problem of sterol accumulation. Irrespective of whether diet or drugs prove to be the best answer to control of sterol balance, these should be applied only to that segment of the population known to require such treatment. The egg is an important dietary source of cholesterol and as a result is used sparingly in low cholesterol diets. On the other hand normal egg consumption of two eggs per day does not appear to overload cholesterol balance in the healthy human adult since depression in cholesterol biosynthesis and increased sterol excretion will result. Investigation of the lipid metabolism of the laying hen has shown that most of the cholesterol found in the egg is synthesized in the liver where it is under both dietary and drug control. Most of the cholesterol deposited in egg yolk may be essential for embryonic development. Drugs that severely limit cholesterol biosynthesis probably also limit synthesis of adrenal and sex hormones and hence limit reproduction. Moderate depressions in lipogenesis achieved without feeding of large amounts of dietary fat may offer a means for moderating cholesterol deposition in eggs. On the other hand, it also seems clear that genetic selection could be used to moderate egg cholesterol concentration. In any event, a great deal more evidence from well constructed human diet studies will be needed before low cholesterol diets can be recommended to the general population as an aid to control of cholesterol balance and heart disease.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76222378

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MeSH Heading (Major): Chickens|*ME; Cholesterol, Dietary|*AE; Eggs|*/AN; Lipids|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Animal Feed; Arteriosclerosis|DH/ET; Azasteroids|PD; Cholesterol|BI/BL; Egg Yolk|AN; Fats, Unsaturated|ME; Female; Human; Liver|ME; Male; Middle Age; Myocardial Infarction|DH; Safflower Oil|ME; Thyroxine|PD

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0032-5791
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 19 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Pathogenesis of human cholesterol cholelithiasis.
Author: Strasberg SM; Fisher MM
Address
Source: Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Feb 22, 112:4, 484-8
Abstract: The pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis in humans has been studied by means of three techniques. The cholesterol-solubilizing capacity of bile may be determined by estimation of the relative composition of the three major lipid constituents of bile. Consistent reduction in the cholesterol-carrying capacity of gallbladder bile of persons with gallstones when compared with normal subjects has not been shown. Normal subjects frequently have supersaturated bile. Secretion rates of biliary lipids have been estimated by two methods; with the method that appears to be more physiologic no change in lipid secretion rates was found in gallstone patients. Bile acid pool size has been measured by isotope dilution techniques; it is reduced in patients with gallstones. It is not clear whether this reduction is important in the pathogenesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis, for the bile acid secretion rate is normal because of an increased rate of cycling of the pool through the enterohepatic circulation. The role of the gallbladder in the genesis of cholesterol cholelithiasis may be more important than has been realized.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75091865

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|*ET/ME; Cholesterol|*/AN
MeSH Heading: Bile|AN; Bile Acids and Salts|AN/BI/SE; Female; Gallbladder|PP; Human; Intestines|BS; Liver|SE; Liver Circulation; Male; Methods; Phosphatidylcholines|SE; Phospholipids|AN; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Solubility

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0008-4409
Country of Publication: CANADA

Record 20 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system.
Author: Brown MS; Goldstein JL
Address
Source: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Jul, 76:7, 3330-7
Abstract: The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor system coordinates the metabolism of cholesterol, an essential component of the plasma membrane of all mammalian cells. Study of this system has led to an enhanced understanding of the cellular basis of cholesterol homeostasis. It has also brought into focus an important mechanism of metabolic regulation--the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. In this article, we first describe the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL, a sequence of events in which receptor binding and internalization are coupled in specialized regions of the plasma membrane called coated pits. Second, we trace the cellular functions of the cholesterol derived from internalized LDL. Third, genetic evidence is presented to indicate that both the binding and internalization of LDL are mediated by a single receptor molecule that contains two active sites, one mediating binding and the other internalization. Finally, the characteristics of the LDL receptor system are used to suggest models for receptor systems in general.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80034881

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MeSH Heading (Major): Endocytosis|*; Lipoproteins, LDL|*ME; Receptors, Cell Surface|GE/*ME
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Animal; Case Report; Cell Membrane|ME; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol|ME; Female; Fibroblasts|ME; Human; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|GE/ME; Male; Models, Biological; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0027-8424
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 21 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Lipoprotein-X.
Author: Narayanan S
Address
Source: CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 1979 Aug, 11:1, 31-51
Abstract: Lipoprotein-X is an abnormal lipoprotein that appears in the sera of patients with obstructive jaundice, and thus is a sensitive indicator of cholestasis. In patients with familial plasma lecithin, Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, there is an inverse relationship between plasma Lp-X levels and LCAT activity. Ultracentrifugation procedures utilized for isolation of Lp-X have shown that it is associated with the low density lipoprotein fraction. Lp-X can be visualized by electrophoresis on either Agar or Agarose. The purity of Lp-X preparations has been documented by immunochemical procedures. The availability of highly purified antisera to Lp-X has served as a basis of one of the assay procedures for this lipoprotein. It's chemical composition has been established. Phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol constitute the bulk of the Lp-X molecule. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that Lp-X is a spherical particle which has strong aggregating properties. Membrane bound enzymes have been shown to aggregate with Lp-X. The fact that bile lipoprotein can be converted to Lp-X by the addition of albumin and that Lp-X can be converted to bile lipoprotein by the addition of bile salts offers a possible explanation for the origins of Lp-X. Phospholipases of plasma might play a role in the catabolism of Lp-X. The value and limitations of Lp-X determinations will also be addressed in this review.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80068156

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholestasis|*BL/DI; Lipoprotein-X|*BL/IP/PH
MeSH Heading: Alkaline Phosphatase|ME; Amino Acids|BL; Animal; Apoproteins|BL; Bile Acids and Salts|BL; Chemistry; Cholesterol|BL; Cholesterol Esters|BL; Human; Immunologic Techniques; Lecithin Acyltransferase Deficiency|BL; Lipoproteins|BL; Nucleotidases|ME; Phospholipids|BL; Pyrophosphatases|ME; Research

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0590-8191
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 22 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Feedback regulation of metabolism by dietary constituents: lipids.
Author: Mancini M; Postiglione A; di Marino L
Address
Source: Nutr Metab, 1977, 21:1-3, 13-25
Abstract: Cholesterol is distributed in different body pools, Input in these pools takes place through absorption of dietary cholesterol and endogenous synthesis. Absorption is limited in man. Endogenous synthesis is under negative feedback control, but its physiological relevance in man is less well established. Recent studies in familial hypercholesterolemia have shown a slower catabolism of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and an overproduction of apoprotein B. It seems that also the synthesis of the apoprotein B is controlled by a feedback mechanism. Overall concentration of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma is determined by the interaction between several genetic and dietary feedback mechanisms.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78031568

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|BI/BL/*ME; Cholesterol, Dietary|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Human; Hyperlipidemia|GE/ME; Intestinal Absorption; Nutrition; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0029-6678
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND

Record 23 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between lipids: influence on organization and function of lipids in membranes.
Author: Boggs JM
Address
Source: Can J Biochem, 1980 Oct, 58:10, 755-70
Abstract: Biological membranes have unique lipid compositions suggesting a specific role for many lipids. Evidence is reviewed concerning the intermolecular forces between glycero- and sphingolipids and cholesterol, the dependence of many of these interactions on the state of ionization of lipids, pH, ionic strength, and divalent cation concentration. The effect of intermolecular interactions between certain lipids on lipid clustering, interaction with cholesterol, on the conformation of proteins, and on transitions to the hexagonal phase is considered. Other forces which cause lipids phase separation or clustering are discussed. It is concluded that lipids are in dynamic equilibrium with their environment and can act as receptors for certain intra- or extra-cellular stimuli, which they can translate into a response by undergoing changes in fluidity, phase transitions, or phase separation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81111501

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MeSH Heading (Major): Membrane Lipids|AN/*PH
MeSH Heading: Animal; Calcium; Cell Membrane|PH; Chemistry; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids|AN; Glycerides; Human; Hydrogen Bonding; Intracellular Membranes|PH; Phospholipids|PH; Sphingolipids; Structure-Activity Relationship; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0008-4018
Country of Publication: CANADA
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Fatty Acids); 0 (Glycerides); 0 (Membrane Lipids); 0 (Phospholipids); 0 (Sphingolipids); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 7440-70-2 (Calcium)

Record 24 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Multivalent feedback regulation of HMG CoA reductase, a control mechanism coordinating isoprenoid synthesis and cell growth.
Author: Brown MS; Goldstein JL
Address
Source: J Lipid Res, 1980 Jul, 21:5, 505-17
Abstract: The availability of compactin (ML-236B), a potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, has permitted the demonstration of a hitherto unsuspected aspect of mevalonate metabolism and isoprenoid synthesis in cultured mammalian cells. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, the enzyme that synthesizes mevalonate, appears to be regulated through a multivalent feedback mechanism. Full suppression of the reductase requires the presence of at least two regulators: 1) cholesterol, which is normally derived exogenously from plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL), and 2) a nonsterol product, which is normally synthesized endogenously from mevalonate. Evidence indicates that both of these regulators of the reductase may be essential for the growth of mammalian cells in culture. The multivalent feedback regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, together with secondary regulatory changes in other enzymes of the sterol synthetic pathway, coordinates the branched pathway of mevalonate metabolism so as to assure a constant supply of cholesterol and nonsterol products. These new findings have important implications for the understanding of isoprenoid metabolism and its relation to cell growth.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80250689

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases|*ME; Mevalonic Acid|ME/*PD
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cholesterol|ME; Cricetulus; Feedback; Female; Fibroblasts|EN; Hamsters; Human; Kinetics; Lipoproteins, LDL|ME; Naphthalenes|PD; Ovary; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0022-2275
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: EC 1.1.1.88 (Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases); 0 (Naphthalenes); 150-97-0 (Mevalonic Acid); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 73573-88-3 (compactin)

Record 25 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Evolution of the LDL receptor concept-from cultured cells to intact animals.
Author: Brown MS; Kovanen PT; Goldstein JL
Address
Source: Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1980, 348:, 48-68
Abstract: The initial observations in cultured fibroblasts made six years ago allowed the formulation of a series of hypotheses concerning LDL metabolism in tissues of animals and man. The most important of these hypotheses was that a large fraction of LDL was removed from plasma by a specific receptor-mediated uptake mechanism whose function was to supply cholesterol to extrahepatic cells. This hypothesis is strongly supported by genetic observations in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and by studies of the four model systems discussed above. These studies by no means solve all of the important questions about LDL metabolism. We still need to know which tissues take up the most LDL; we need to know how much LDL is cleared by the liver and whether this clearance involves the same LDL receptor that operates in extra-hepatic cells; we need to know the mechanism for the clearance of the one-half to two-thirds of LDL that leaves the plasma by receptor-independent pathways; and finally we need to know how an abnormal accumulation of LDL in the plasma leads to the deposition of cholesterol in scavenger cells and produces atherosclerosis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80240490

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MeSH Heading (Major): Lipoproteins, LDL|BL/DF/*ME; Receptors, Drug|GE/*ME
MeSH Heading: Adenine|AA/PD; Animal; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol|ME; Ethinyl Estradiol|PD; Fibroblasts|ME; Human; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|ME; Leukocytes|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0077-8923
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Receptors, Drug); 2380-63-4 (4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine); 57-63-6 (Ethinyl Estradiol); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 73-24-5 (Adenine)

Record 26 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Composition of the lipids in human milk: a review.
Author: Jensen RG; Clark RM; Ferris AM
Address
Source: Lipids, 1980 May, 15:5, 345-55
Abstract: Recent publications on the composition of human milk are reviewed. The importance of proper sampling is discussed. Fat contents of 2.6-4.5% and cholesterol amounts of 200-650 mg/100 g fat were reported. The phytosterols in milk were increased by the consumption of these sterols. Phytosterols could contribute to the "total cholesterol" in milk if analyses are done colorimetrically. The fatty acid composition is remarkably uniform unless bizarre diets are consumed; the amounts of linoleic acid vary the most. Phospholipids contained more long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than triacylglycerols.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80231560

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MeSH Heading (Major): Lipids|*AN; Milk, Human|*AN
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cattle; Cholesterol|AN; Comparative Study; Fats|AN; Fatty Acids|AN; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|AN; Female; Human; Membrane Lipids|AN; Milk|AN; Phospholipids|AN; Pregnancy; Sterols|AN; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Vegetarianism

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0024-4201
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Fats); 0 (Fatty Acids); 0 (Fatty Acids, Unsaturated); 0 (Membrane Lipids); 0 (Phospholipids); 0 (Sterols); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 27 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism.
Author: Baraona E; Lieber CS
Address
Source: J Lipid Res, 1979 Mar, 20:3, 289-315
Abstract: Alcohol promotes accumulation of fat in the liver mainly by substitution of ethanol for fatty acids as the major hepatic fuel. The degree of lipid accumulation depends on the supply of dietary fat. Progressive alteration of the mitochondria, which occurs during chronic alcohol consumption, decreases fatty acid oxidation by interfering with citric acid cycle activity. This block is partially compensated for by increased ketone body production, which results in ketonemia. Thus, mitochondrial damage perpetuates fatty acid accumulation even in the absence of ethanol oxidation. Alcohol facilitates esterification of the accumulated fatty acids to triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters, all of which accumulate in the liver. The accumulated lipids are disposed of in part as serum lipoprotein, resulting in moderate hyperlipemia. In some individuals with pre-existing alterations of lipid metabolism, small ethanol dose may provoke marked hyperlipemia which responds to alcohol withdrawal. Inhibition of the catabolism of cholesterol to bile salt may contribute to the hepatic accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. The capacity of lipoprotein production and hyperlipemia development increases during chronic alcohol consumption, probably as a result of the concomitant hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, this compensation is relatively inefficient in ridding the liver of fat. This inefficiency may be linked to alterations of hepatic microtubules induced by ethanol or its metabolites, which interfere with the export of protein from liver to serum, promoting hepatic accumulation of proteins as well as fat. As liver injury aggravates, hyperlipemia wanes and liver steatosis is exaggerated. Derangements of serum lipids similar to those found in other types of liver disease also become apparent. The changes in serum lipids may be a sensitive indicator of the progression of liver damage in the alcoholic.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79195642

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MeSH Heading (Major): Alcohol, Ethyl|ME/*TO; Alcoholism|*ME; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic|*ET/ME; Lipids|*ME
MeSH Heading: Adipose Tissue|ME; Animal; Atherosclerosis|CI; Cholesterol|ME; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fatty Acids|ME; Human; Hyperlipidemia|CI; Lipid Mobilization; Lipoproteins|ME; Lipotropic Agents|PD; Liver|DE/ME; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic|ET; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0022-2275
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 28 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Age-dependence of molecular and functional changes in biological membrane properties.
Author: Hegner D
Address
Source: Mech Ageing Dev, 1980 Sep-Oct, 14:1-2, 101-18
Abstract: Some general aspects including results on the possible mechanisms of membrane ageing are reviewed. The liquid-crystalline fluid state of a biological membrane is an essential condition for maintenance of different membrane functions. The liquid-crystalline state of different plasma membranes changes with age of the organism. The degree of unsaturated fatty acids decreases and the content of cholesterol increases during ageing. It could be shown that superoxide radicals originate from minor side-reactions of oxidoreductase enzymes. Ageing increases the amount of superoxide radicals. A small amount of radicals escape quenching by superoxide dismutase. The formation of radicals leads to degradation of membrane lipids. The age-dependent changes in membrane lipid composition influence respiratory activity in rat heart mitochondria of old animals. Rat liver plasma membrane lipids also show a decrease in membrane fluidity which results in a change in transport parameters of cholic acid and thymidine. The change in age-dependent lipid-protein interactions was demonstrated by spin-label measurements in model membranes. The results demonstrated that peroxidative break-down of lipids is an ongoing post-transcriptional process of ageing. The possible role of protective repair mechanisms is discussed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81147168

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MeSH Heading (Major): Aging|*; Cell Membrane|*PH
MeSH Heading: Animal; Biological Transport; Chemistry; Cholesterol|ME; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|ME; Free Radicals; Human; Lipids|PH; Membrane Fluidity; Membrane Proteins|PH; Mitochondria, Heart|ME; Oxidoreductases|ME; Superoxides|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0047-6374
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND
CAS Registry/EC Number: EC 1. (Oxidoreductases); 0 (Fatty Acids, Unsaturated); 0 (Free Radicals); 0 (Membrane Proteins); 11062-77-4 (Superoxides); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 29 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Effects of dietary fibre on serum lipid levels and fecal bile acid excretion.
Author: Kay RM
Address
Source: Can Med Assoc J, 1980 Dec 20, 123:12, 1213-7
Abstract: Epidemiologic studies have suggested that dietary fibre protects humans against coronary heart disease, but interpretation of the data is confounded by coexisting differences in both dietary and environmental variables. The hypocholesterolemic action of dietary fibre varies: in general mucilaginous fibres such as pectin and oat bran are more effective than particulate fibres such as wheat bran. Although the mechanism of action of mucilaginous fibres is not completely understood, there is evidence that they induce small increases in the fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids that are not fully compensated for by de novo cholesterol synthesis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81111680

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cellulose|*ME; Cholesterol|*BL; Dietary Fiber|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Bile|ME; Coronary Disease|PC; Dietary Fats; Feces|AN; Human; Intestinal Absorption; Lipoproteins|BL; Male; Middle Age; Rats; Steroids|ME; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0008-4409
Country of Publication: CANADA
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Dietary Fats); 0 (Lipoproteins); 0 (Steroids); 0 (Triglycerides); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 9004-34-6 (Cellulose)

Record 30 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The role of physical activity in the prevention of ischaemic heart disease. A review.
Author: Wyndham CH
Address
Source: S Afr Med J, 1979 Jul 7, 56:1, 7-13
Abstract: It has been demonstrated that vigorous leisure-time physical activity and hard physical occupational work protect against ischaemic heart disease (IHD), but the protective mechanisms are not clear. According to most research reports programmes of regular physical activity do not lower serum cholesterol concentrations, but they do lower serum triglyceride levels. Dedicated marathon runners have lower serum low density lipoprotein and higher high density lipoprotein levels than controls, but it has not been proved that this lipoprotein pattern is the result of regular, high-intensity exercise. Regular physical exercise lowers the blood pressure to a greater degree in hypertensives than in controls. An exercise programme plus diet had no greater effect on serum total cholesterol levels than did diet alone on subjects with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia types IIa, IIb and IV. However, in types IIb and IV the exercise programme plus diet was more effective than diet alone in lowering serum triglyceride levels. The results of these studies are not valid for deciding whether regular exercise decreases the IHD risk factors studied. Such judgements must be based upon the results of randomized, controlled trials. The only satisfactory trial of this nature to date was done in Helsinki, and its results were inconclusive.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80014871

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|EP/MO/*PC/PP; Exertion|*; Hyperlipidemia|DH/*ME
MeSH Heading: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose|AN; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cholesterol|BL; Comparative Study; Female; Heart Rate; Human; Hypertension|PP; Insulin|BL; Lipids|BL; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Male; Middle Age; Occupational Diseases; Research Design; Risk; Smoking; Sports

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-2469
Country of Publication: SOUTH AFRICA

Record 31 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Multi-laboratory comparison of three heparin-Mn2+ precipitation procedures for estimating cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein.
Author: Albers JJ; Warnick GR; Wiebe D; King P; Steiner P; Smith L; Breckenridge C; Chow A; Kuba K; Weidman S; Arnett H; Wood P; Shlagenhaft; A
Address
Source: Clin Chem, 1978 Jun, 24:6, 853-6
Abstract: Plasma high-density lipoprotein is commonly estimated by measuring the cholesterol remaining in plasma supernatant solutions after other lipoproteins, which contain apolipoprotein B, are precipitated with heparin and Mn2+. The method (method I) now in use by the Lipid Research Clinics, in which Mn2+ is at 46 mmol/liter final concentration, is reasonably accurate, but precipitation and sedimentation of lipoproteins other than high-density lipoproteins is often incomplete. We evaluated two modifications of method I. In method II, the Mn2+ concentration was doubled; the second modification (method III) included the increased Mn2+ concentration in a combined heparin Mn2+ reagent, decreased sample volume (2 ml), and a shorter incubation time (10 min at room temperature). The percentages of samples with turbid supernates (i.e., incomplete sedimentation) by methods I, II, and III were 9, 3, and 2%, respectively. Among non-turbid supernates, the percentages of samples containing measurable apolipoprotein B (incomplete precipitation) were 79, 19, and 16%, respectively. We conclude that method III is the most convenient and accurate of the three procedures.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78189383

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*AN; Lipoproteins, HDL|*/BL; Manganese|*
MeSH Heading: Comparative Study; Evaluation Studies; Heparin; Human; Methods; Precipitation; Quality Control; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0009-9147
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 32 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Lipoproteins and lipid transport.
Author: Havel RJ
Address
Source: Adv Exp Med Biol, 1975, 63:, 37-59
Abstract: Continued advances in the delineation of pathways of lipid transport in lipoproteins now provide substantial information on all phases of plasma triglyceride transport. Analysis of certain genetic human disorders, together with studies in experimental animals, has begun to show how lipoproteins transport cholesterol as esters of long chain fatty acids. Both triglycerides and cholesterol are esters of long chain fatty acids. Both triglycerides and cholesteryl esters are transported in the "core" of lipoproteins, but the polar lipids and the apoproteins at the aqueous interface critically determine the interactions with enzymes and cellular receptors that control this complex transport system. Differences in pathways as well as in rates of lipid transport appear to underlie the large interspecies variations in lipoprotein concentrations.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76084889

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MeSH Heading (Major): Lipids|*ME; Lipoproteins|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Biological Transport; Cholestasis|ME; Cholesterol|ME; Chylomicrons|ME; Endoplasmic Reticulum|ME; Golgi Apparatus|ME; Human; Hyperlipidemia|ME; Lecithin Acyltransferase|DF; Lecithin Acyltransferase Deficiency; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors|EN; Lipoproteins, HDL|ME; Lipoproteins, LDL|ME; Lipoproteins, VLDL|ME; Liver|ME; Lymph|ME; Models, Biological; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0065-2598
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 33 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Fructose as a dietary sweetener in diabetes mellitus.
Author: Koivisto VA
Address
Source: Diabetes Care, 1978 Jul-Aug, 1:4, 241-6
Abstract: Human beings, including those with diabetes, have a desire for sweetness in the diet that cannot be ignored. The Food and Drug Administration ban of cyclamates and possible ban of saccharin have raised the question of alternative sweeteners for diabetic persons. Considerable interest has been focused on fructose, and both basic and clinical research has delineated its metabolic effects. This paper reviews the characteristics of fructose, as well as its physiology and metabolism in both normal and diabetic man. Findings seems to indicate that, in controlled diabetes, chronic or limited consumption of fructose at moderate doses has no adverse effects on the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, or tryglycerides.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81113518

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MeSH Heading (Major): Diabetic Diet|*; Fructose|AD/ME/*TU
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Blood Glucose|ME; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol|BL; Diabetes Mellitus|BL; Dietary Carbohydrates|TU; Human; Intestinal Absorption; Sweetening Agents|TU; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0149-5992
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Blood Glucose); 0 (Sweetening Agents); 0 (Triglycerides); 30237-26-4 (Fructose); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 34 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Is atherosclerosis reversible?
Author: Gotto AM Jr
Address
Source: J Am Diet Assoc, 1979 May, 74:5, 551-7
Abstract: In this review, the author recapitulates the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. The relationship of high plasma cholesterol and the per cent of caloric intake from saturated fat is noted. Can intervention on risk factors prevent or reverse atherosclerosis? In animal studies, regression of atherosclerotic lesions has been achieved when dietary factors were manipulated. Recent studies in man have also pointed to the effectiveness of reducing cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in atherosclerotic plaques.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79173711

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*TH; Atherosclerosis|ET/ME/*TH; Dietary Fats|*/AE; Lipids|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Aorta|PA; Cholesterol|ME; Coronary Disease|BL; Human; Lipoproteins|ME; Models, Molecular; Risk

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-8223
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 35 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Dietary recommendations for the community towards the postponement of coronary heart disease.
Author: Shaper AG; Marr JW
Address
Source: Br Med J, 1977 Apr 2, 1:6065, 867-71
Abstract: The public has recently been confronted with many, often conflicting, recommendations about diet and reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary recommendations to the community designed to lower the risk of CHD should be specific, clear, and brief. People should be advised to reduce their intake of foods that are high in saturated fats and replace these partially with foods that are relatively high in polyunsaturated fats. This will lower both total fat and dietary cholesterol intakes and will also change the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77159186

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|CI/ET/*PC; Diet|*
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|BL; Cholesterol, Dietary|AE; Dietary Fats|AE; Fats, Unsaturated; Health Education; Human; Male; Middle Age; Obesity|CO

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0007-1447
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 36 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The dynamics of membrane structure.
Author: Quinn PJ; Chapman D
Address
Source: CRC Crit Rev Biochem, 1980, 8:1, 1-117
Abstract: The membranes of living organisms are involved in many aspects of the life, growth and development of all cells. The predominant structural elements of these membranes are lipids and proteins and the basic structure of these molecules has been reviewed. The physical properties of the lipid constituents particularly their behavior in aqueous systems has led to the concepts of thermotropic and lyotropic mesomorphism; the interaction between different types of lipid molecules modulate this behavior. Interaction of phospholipids in aqueous systems with cholesterol, ions and drugs have been examined in this context. In addition a variety of model lipid-protein systems have been investigated and the implications of interactions between lipids and different proteins in biological membranes has been evaluated. This leads to a detailed consideration of the way lipids and proteins ae organized in cell membranes and contains an appraisal of the evidence supporting contemporary views of membrane structure. Particular attention has been devoted to the question of how mobile the components are within the structure. Particular attention has been devoted to the question of how mobile the components are within the structure. Finally the biosynthesis, turnover and modulation of the properties of interacting membrane constituents is critically reviewed and possible ways of controlling the behavior of cells and organisms by altering the structural parameters of different membranes has been considered.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80245245

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cell Membrane|DE/*PH/UL
MeSH Heading: Animal; Antigens|ME; Cholesterol|ME; Cross-Linking Reagents; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids|ME; Human; Ligands; Lipase|ME; Lipid Bilayers; Membrane Fluidity; Membrane Lipids|AN/PH; Membrane Proteins|AN/PH; Protein Conformation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Temperature

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0045-6411
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: EC 3.1.1.3 (Lipase); 0 (Antigens); 0 (Cross-Linking Reagents); 0 (Fatty Acids); 0 (Ligands); 0 (Lipid Bilayers); 0 (Membrane Lipids); 0 (Membrane Proteins); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 37 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: HDL - should we be 'chasing' it now?
Author: Smith EB
Address
Source: J Hum Nutr, 1980 Feb, 34:1, 59-62
Abstract: Although 'within defined population groups the association of low HDL level with increased coronary risk seems to be established', the author concludes 'The inverse relation between plasma HDL level and risk of CHD remains a phenomenon that we cannot explain in scientific terms'.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80138522

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholesterol|*ME; Coronary Disease|*BL/ET; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL/ME
MeSH Heading: Adult; Aged; Atherosclerosis|BL; Cholesterol Esters|GE; Heterozygote; Homozygote; Human; Lipoproteins, LDL|ME; Lipoproteins, VLDL|ME; Male; Middle Age; Risk

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0308-4329
Country of Publication: ENGLAND
CAS Registry/EC Number: 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 38 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Further leads on metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer.
Author: Reddy BS; Mastromarino A; Wynder EL
Address
Source: Cancer Res, 1975 Nov, 35:11 Pt. 2, 3403-6
Abstract: Studies in metabolic epidemiology have shown that the dietary intake of high fat affects the composition of the intestinal bacteria and their metabolic activity as well as the levels of certain neutral sterols and bile acids that may act as tumor promoters for the colon. A strong association has also been established between microbially modified bile acids and cholesterol metabolites and the risk of colon cancer among different populations. The patients with colon cancer had high concentrations of fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites compared with the controls. It remains to be shown whether this established association is causative in nature.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76064125

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MeSH Heading (Major): Dietary Fats|*; Intestinal Neoplasms|CI/*ET/GE/MI; Intestines|*MI
MeSH Heading: Animal; Bacteria|ME; Bile Acids and Salts|ME/PD; Cholesterol|ME; Colitis, Ulcerative|ME; Colonic Neoplasms|ET; Feces|AN; Human; Intestinal Polyps|ME; Meat; Neoplasms, Experimental|CI; Rats; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0008-5472
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 39 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Management of gallstones in the aged.
Author: Ratner JT; Rosenberg GM
Address
Source: J Am Geriatr Soc, 1975 Jun, 23:6, 258-64
Abstract: Calculous gallbladder disease is the most common indication for intra-abdominal surgery in the elderly. Feeding bile salts may possibly increase the solubility of cholesterol in bile and may cause diminution in the size of radiolucent gallstones, the principal ingredient of which is cholesterol. However, indications for such treatment are still not clear, and long-term effectiveness and safety still have to be evaluated. If the aged patient with gallstones has severe symptoms, is a good medical risk and is not demented, surgical treatment should not be denied because of advanced age. If the patient has "silent" or "dyspeptic" gallstones and is a poor risk or demented, surgical therapy should be postponed at least temporarily, in the hope that medical methods for dissolving gallstones soon will be perfected.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75152157

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|DI/EP/*SU
MeSH Heading: Adult; Aged; Bile|AN; Bile Acids and Salts; Biliary Tract|PP; Cholesterol|AN; Cholic Acids; Female; Human; Life Expectancy; Male; Micelles; Middle Age; Phospholipids|AN; Postoperative Complications; Quebec; Solubility; Surgery, Operative|AE; Time Factors

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-8614
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 40 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Dietary management of the pregnant diabetic.
Author: Knopp RH; Childs MT; Warth MR
Address
Source: Curr Concepts Nutr, 1979, 8:, 119-39
Abstract: The tendency of the pregnant diabetic to fasting ketosis limits the extent to which calorie restriction (particularly negative calorie balance) can be used in the treatment of the obese, adult-onset, pregnant diabetic. In addition, the vagaries of measuring excess weight gain and detecting extraneous sources of weight gain in diabetic pregnancy, and the difficulty of accurately enforcing a caloric prescription without forcing the subject to weigh her food, make the determination of an accurate degree of caloric limitation difficult at best. A greater reliance on the mother's appetite center may be more accurate and rewarding in most instances than any devices available to the clinician. Important considerations in the diet of the pregnant diabetic are adequate protein, minerals, and vitamins, an amount of carbohydrate that is constant from day to day but not necessarily restricted, carbohydrate intake in an unrefined form that maximizes the intake of associated fiber, and a reproducible meal and snack schedule which complements in insulin regimen. Insulin must remain the primary therapeutic tool if the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal morbidity and mortality are to be minimized.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80112071

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MeSH Heading (Major): Diabetic Diet|*; Pregnancy in Diabetes|BL/*DH
MeSH Heading: Adipose Tissue|ME; Animal; Body Weight; Cholesterol|BL; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids|BI; Female; Fetus; Glucose|ME; Human; Insulin Resistance; Lipoproteins|BL; Pregnancy; Rats; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0090-0443
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 50-99-7 (Glucose); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 41 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Biochemical basis for the selection of oral contraceptives.
Author: Briggs MH
Address
Source: Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1978-79, 16:6, 509-17
Abstract: Many specific plasma proteins show dose-related changes when oral estrogens are administered. Large increases in concentration are seen in many important binding proteins, such as the sex hormone-binding globulin, transcortin, the retinol-binding protein, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin. A smaller group of plasma proteins are reduced in amount. These changes are related to altered rates of hepatic synthesis and secretion. As the overall effect of estrogen is one of increased protein synthesis, there is a reduction in the amount of plasma-free amino acids and in the pattern of distribution. Oral contraceptive (OC) users frequently show significant alterations in biochemical tests of vitamin status, at least some of which are related to alterations in plasma proteins. Other biochemical changes associated with OC use include a fasting hyperlipidemia, due mainly to increases in triglycerides, although there is often also a small increase in cholesterol. These changes are due primarily to increases in several lipoprotein fractions and are related mainly to the estrogen component. A deterioration in glucose tolerance occurs in many OC users and is probably induced by both estrogens and progestogens. There is evidence that certain clinical side effects of OCs, such as depression, are associated with specific biochemical changes.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80025136

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MeSH Heading (Major): Contraceptives, Oral|*PD; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic|AE/*PD
MeSH Heading: Amino Acids|BL; Blood Proteins|ME; Carbohydrates|ME; Cholesterol|BL; Erythrocytes|EN; Female; Fibrinogen|BI; Human; Insulin|ME; Lipids|ME; Lipoproteins|BL; Pregnancy; Proteins|ME; Serum Albumin|BI; Triglycerides|BL; Vitamins|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0020-7292
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 42 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The effect of exercise on plasma high density lipoproteins.
Author: Wood PD; Haskell WL
Address
Source: Lipids, 1979 Apr, 14:4, 417-27
Abstract: The influence of vigorous activity in man on plasma lipids and lipoproteins is reviewed, with particular emphasis on high density lipoproteins. Both cross sectional and longitudinal (or training) studies have been reported, many of them of less than ideal design. Nonetheless, a consistent pattern emerges in which increased exercise levels lead to lower plasma concentrations of triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins, and of low density lipoproteins. High density lipoprotein levels increase. Sometimes, but not uniformly, plasma total cholesterol level falls as the result of these changes. The increase in plasma high density lipoprotein appears to be the result largely of an increase in the less dense HDL2 subfraction. Plasma apolipoprotein A-I levels (but not apo-A-II levels) seem to increase concomitantly. The precise biochemical mechanism responsible for these changes has not been elucidated; but the recent finding of increased lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue and muscle of endurance runners suggests that increased lipolytic rate of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may be an initial step in a sequence of events leading to higher plasma levels of HDL-2.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79177522

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MeSH Heading (Major): Exertion|*; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL/GE
MeSH Heading: Aging; Alcohol Drinking; Cholesterol|BL; Contraceptives, Oral|PD; Diet; Estrogens|PD; Human; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Obesity|BL; Sex Factors; Smoking|BL; Socioeconomic Factors; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0024-4201
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 43 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Plasma lipoproteins and coronary heart disease.
Author: Scanu AM
Address
Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1978 Mar-Apr, 8:2, 79-83
Abstract: Both plasma low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) have been associated with the genesis of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies with cells grown in culture have suggested a regularory role of these lipoproteins in cellular cholesterol metabolism and pointed at abnormalities resulting from deviations of these regulatory processes. The precise relationship between these observations in vitro and the atherogenic process remains open to investigation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78143268

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|*BL/ET; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|*BL
MeSH Heading: Apolipoproteins|BL; Cholesterol|BL/ME; Human; Hyperlipidemia|CO/GE; Liver|ME; Receptors, Drug|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0091-7370
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 44 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Recent progress in the development of radioimmunoassays for human serum lipoproteins.
Author: Karlin JB; Juhn DJ; Goldberg R; Rubenstein AH
Address
Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1978 Mar-Apr, 8:2, 142-54
Abstract: A review of radioimmunoassays for measuring human apolipoprotein B (apo B), the A apolipoproteins of high density lipoprotein (apo A-I and apo A-II) and apolipoprotein C-II (apo C-II) in human plasma and in isolated lipoproteins is presented. The sensitivity, specificity and validity of each of these assays is discussed. In normolipidemic subjects the reported serum apo B concentrations ranged between 0.83 +/- 0.16 and 0.92 +/- 0.21 g per l (m +/- SD). Serum apo B concentrations were highest in Type II subjects (Type IIa homozygotes 3.83 +/- 0.43 g per l; Type IIa heterozygotes 2.37 +/- 0.47 g per l) and were less elevated in patients with Type IV and Type V disorders (1.32 +/- 0.21 g per l and 1.26 +/- 0.30 g per l, respectively). Preliminary data on the relationship between plasma apo B and cholesterol, the distribution of apo B amongst the lipoprotein classes and a comparison of the lipoprotein lipid-apo B ratios in the various hyperlipidemic disorders are summarized. In contrast to apo A-II, the immunoreactivity of apo A-I was not fully exposed in whole sera and in isolated lipoproteins. The different methods used to measure the apo A-I immunoreactivity are discussed. In normolipidemic subjects the serum apo A-I concentration in males and females was 1.13 +/- 0.061 and 1.24 +/- 0.068 g per l (m +/- SD), respectively, while the corresponding serum apo A-II values were 0.35 +/- 0.038 g per l and 0.41 +/- 0.046 g per l. In subjects with Tangier's disease, the serum apo A-I and apo A-II concentrations were less than 1 percent and 5 to 7 percent of that found in controls. The serum apo A-I level was also reduced in two subjects with abetalipoproteinemia (0.38 g per l and 0.30 g per l) and Tye II hyperlipoproteinemia (range 0.54 to 0.86 g per l). In normotriglyceridemic subjects and those with Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia, the total plasma apo C-II concentrations were 0.0497 +/- 0.0040 g per l and 0.0562 +/- 0.0054 g per l (m +/- SE). Plasma apo C-II levels in Type IIb, Type IV and Type V lipoproteinemic subjects were 0.0899 +/- 0.0046, 0.0854 +/- 0.0069 and 0.1328 +/- 0.0021 g per l, respectively and were significantly higher than in the normotriglyceridemic subjects. An analysis of the relationship between the apo C-II content and the lipoprotein lipase activator properties of VLDL isolated from normo- and hypertriglyceridemic plasma samples is presented.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78143266

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MeSH Heading (Major): Apolipoproteins|*BL/IM; Hyperlipidemia|*BL/GE; Lipoproteins|*BL
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|BL; Human; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Radioimmunoassay|MT; Tangier Disease|BL; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0091-7370
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 45 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: a critique.
Author: Borhani NO
Address
Source: Am J Cardiol, 1977 Aug, 40:2, 251-9
Abstract: The question is whether alteration of risk factors will aid primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Critical review of available evidence indicates that inferences have been made about the beneficial effects of risk factor modification without an adequate test of the hypothesis. Trial interventions to assess the efficacy of serum cholesterol-lowering measures have had negative or equivocal results. It remains to be seen whether the findings of clinical trials on hypertension can be applied toward primary prevention of coronary heart disease in the community. The cigarette smoking habit seems to be unique among coronary heart disease risk factors. The evidence appears sufficient to justify serious consideration of a strategy of preventing the smoking habit now, persuading patients to stop and encouraging teenagers not to start.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77218992

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|ET/MO/*PC
MeSH Heading: Adult; Blood Pressure; Case Report; Cholesterol|BL; Clofibrate|TU; Corn; Dextrothyroxine|TU; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Estrogens, Conjugated|TU; Fats, Unsaturated; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age; Myocardial Infarction|PC; Nicotinic Acids|TU; Oils; Psychology; Recurrence; Risk; Smoking|CO; Soybeans; Vegetables

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9149
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 46 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Phospholipid unsaturation and plasma membrane organization.
Author: Emmelot P; Van Hoeven RP
Address
Source: Chem Phys Lipids, 1975 May, 14:3, 236-46
Abstract: A comparison has been made between the unsaturation of plasma-membrane phospholipids,present in the human erythrocyte, rat liver, mouse liver and a rapidly growing rat hepatoma. Of the double bonds present in the hydrocarbon chains of the membrane phospholipids,onethird is contributed by sphingomyelin plus phosphatidyl choline and the remainder by phosphatidyl serine, ethanolamine and inositol. Assuming that the phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed in the two leaflets of the bilayer in general, the consequences of this asymmetry in combination with cholesterol content and fatty acid distribution on plasma membrane organization and function are discussed. It is suggested, that the organizational disposition of plasma membrane components other than phospholipids is at least related if not dependent upon the latter's asymmetric distribution in the bilayer.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75148496

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cell Membrane|*AN/EN; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|*
MeSH Heading: Animal; Blood Proteins; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cholesterol; Erythrocytes; Human; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Mice; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphatidylinositols; Phosphatidylserines; Rats; Sphingomyelins

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0009-3084
Country of Publication: NETHERLANDS

Record 47 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Dietetic treatment of obesity with low and high-carbohydrate diets: comparative studies and clinical results.
Author: Rabast U; Schönborn J; Kasper H
Address
Source: Int J Obes, 1979, 3:3, 201-11
Abstract: In spite of numerous studies in the literature, it is still questionable as to whether the isocaloric exchange of carbohydrate and fat, in the form of a diet, leads to different degrees of weight loss. In comparative studies, obese patients given a low-carbohydrate (4.14 MJ [1000 kcal]) formula diet (diet Ia) lost 14.0 +/- 1.4 kg and those given an iso-energetic high-carbohydrate diet (diet Ib) 9.8 +/- 0.9 kg. The degree of weight loss was significantly different. Daily weight losses were 362 g and 298 g respectively. Comparative studies of high and low-carbohydrate (7.83 MJ [1900 kcal]) formula diets (diets IIa and b) with a greater number of calories did not show any significant difference. However, there was a greater mean weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet (351 g/day) compared with that under the high-carbohydrate diet (296 g/day). Evaluation of 117 patients treated with formula diets resulted in a weight loss of over 9 kg in 102 obese patients and over 18 kg in 52 patients. The good response to the low-carbohydrate diet was partly responsible for the successful therapy.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80136466

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MeSH Heading (Major): Diet, Reducing|*; Dietary Carbohydrates|*AD; Obesity|*DH
MeSH Heading: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol|BL; Comparative Study; Dietary Fats|AD; Female; Human; Male; Potassium|BL; Sodium|BL; Triglycerides|BL; Uric Acid|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0307-0565
Country of Publication: ENGLAND
CAS Registry/EC Number: 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 69-93-2 (Uric Acid); 7440-09-7 (Potassium); 7440-23-5 (Sodium)

Record 48 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The regulation of prostaglandin E1 formation: a candidate for one of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the actions of vitamin C.
Author: Horrobin DF; Oka M; Manku MS
Address
Source: Med Hypotheses, 1979 Aug, 5:8, 849-58
Abstract: Vitamin C stimulates the formation of PGE1 in human platelets. The effect occurs over the physiologically relevant range of concentrations. PGE1 is required for T lymphocyte function and plays a major part in the regulation of immune responses. PGE1 is also important in the regulation of collagen and ground substance metabolism, in cholesterol metabolism and in regulation of responsiveness to insulin. It is proposed that defective formation of PGE1 could account for many of the features of scurvy and for many of the reported therapeutic effects of vitamin C. If correct, vitamin C will be of value only in conjunction with an adequate supply of dihomogammalinolenic acid, the precursor of PGE1. Essential fatty acids, pyridoxine and zinc are all required to achieve this.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80077422

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MeSH Heading (Major): Ascorbic Acid|*PD/TU; Prostaglandins E|*BI/DF
MeSH Heading: Animal; Arachidonic Acids|ME; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency|CO; Blood Platelets|ME; Cats; Cholesterol|BL; Collagen|ME; Dental Caries|ET; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glycosaminoglycans|ME; Human; Linolenic Acids|AD/ME; Neoplasms|DT/ET; Platelet Aggregation|DE; Salivation; Scurvy|ME; Sjogren's Syndrome|ET; Stimulation, Chemical

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0306-9877
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 49 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The origins of atherosclerosis.
Author: Woolf N
Address
Source: Postgrad Med J, 1978 Mar, 54:629, 156-62
Abstract: The presence of atherosclerotic lesions in young adults suggests that early stages of atherogenesis occur during childhood. The relationship of intimal lesions in childhood to fully developed atherosclerosis is briefly discussed. Factors likely to promote lipid accumulation within the arterial wall and proliferation of connective tissue elements are reviewed with particular emphasis on endothelial cell injury and the possible consequences of this for intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78178775

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*ET/PA; Atherosclerosis|*ET/PA
MeSH Heading: Animal; Arteries|GD/ME/PA; Cell Membrane Permeability; Child; Cholesterol|ME; Cholesterol Esters|ME; Human; Infant; Muscle, Smooth|PA; Rabbits

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0032-5473
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 50 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Lifestyles, major risk factors, proof and public policy.
Author: Stamler J
Address
Source: Circulation, 1978 Jul, 58:1, 3-19
Abstract: In this report major risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of nutrition. International and national epidemiologic data indicate that reducing or eliminating certain risk factors (e.g., a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fats) may reduce the risk of premature CHD. Most trends indicate that many Americans are more concerned about diet for health reasons. Preventive measures for CHD are also discussed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78167681

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|*EP/ET/PC; Life Style|*; Public Policy|*
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|BL; Diet|AE; Disease Models, Animal; Human; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0009-7322
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 51 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Transient monocular blindness.
Author: Ross RT
Address
Source: Can J Neurol Sci, 1977 Aug, 4:3, 143-50
Abstract: This paper is a review of the causes of intermittent monocular blindness. The nature of cholesterol and platelet retinal emboli is discussed. Their sources, the frequency with which they may cause transient or fixed blindness and the association between these emboli and pathology of the major cerebral vessels and other organs is discussed. Consideration is given to the equally important abnormalities of platelet behavior and to some of the physiology of retinal blood flow and non-embolic blindness. The current treatment of this symptom may be anticoagulation, surgical correction of a stenotic artery or both. The effect of treatment is unpredictable and in some situations the rationale is suspect. This review may provide a summary on which to base future studies of the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77243760

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MeSH Heading (Major): Blindness|BL/*ET
MeSH Heading: Adult; Aged; Animal; Arteriosclerosis|CO; Blood Platelets; Carotid Artery Diseases|CO; Carotid Artery, Internal; Cholesterol; Choroid|BS; Embolism|CO; Eye|BS; Female; Human; Ischemia|CO; Male; Middle Age; Platelet Aggregation; Postoperative Complications; Posture; Regional Blood Flow; Retinal Diseases|CO; Retinal Vessels|PP

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
Country of Publication: CANADA

Record 52 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Pigment gallstones.
Author: Soloway RD; Trotman BW; Ostrow JD
Address
Source: Gastroenterology, 1977 Jan, 72:1, 167-82
Abstract: Pigment gallstones are defined as any dark brown-to-black stone, consisting of calcium salts of bilirubin, phosphate, carbonate and other anions, and can be separated into carbonate- and noncarbonate-containing groups. Pigment stones predominate in the rural Orient, in cirrhosis, and in elderly United States patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Clinical associations include bile duct obstruction, stasis, and possibly hemolysis. Of pigment stones, 50% are radioopaque and account for two-thirds of all opaque stones. The concentrations of bile salts, phospholipids,, cholesterol, and total bilirubin in bile are similar to normal levels, but the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin is increased in the bile of some patients. Increased unconjugated bilirubin in bile may be caused by increased hydrolysis of excreted conjugated bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is solubilized by bile salts, but the interaction is primarily nonmicellar. Ionized calcium and pH are important determinants of solubility. Sulfated glycoproteins, excreted in increased amounts in patients with cholelithiasis, may be the site of pigment stone precipitation because these compounds bind calcium salts tightly. E coli is frequently cultured from pigment stones in Japan but not in the United States; thus, bacterial beta-glucuronidase may be important in stone formation in Japan but probably not in the West. Stasis leads to increased calcium secretion and to increases in the concentration of sparingly soluble compounds that may then precipitate. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder may result in the same concentration process. Unsaturated fats and chronic vagal stimulation cause pigment stone formation in animals. At present, surgery is the only treatment for pigment lithiasis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77049521

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|*/ET/ME/TH; Pigments|*/AN
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Animal; Bacterial Infections|CO; Bilirubin|AN/BI/PH; Child; Cholesterol|PH; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hamsters; Human; Japan; Male; Middle Age; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; United States

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0016-5085
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 53 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Gardner's syndrome. Recent developments in research and management.
Author: Naylor EW; Lebenthal E
Address
Source: Dig Dis Sci, 1980 Dec, 25:12, 945-59
Abstract: In recent years, a number of comprehensive reviews have been written on inherited intestinal polyposis syndromes (1-7), but none has dealt specifically with Gardner's syndrome and none has focused on basic research being carried out in an attempt to understand this syndrome and to improve the medical management of affected patients. A better understanding of this rare genetic disorder is essential for surgeons, gastroenterologists, cancer researchers, and geneticists alike. To the clinician, it poses difficult challenges in management; to the cancer researcher, it presents a rare opportunity to study very early premalignant transformations; and to the geneticist, it poses exciting questions at the cellular, chromosomal, and molecular levels.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81089873

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MeSH Heading (Major): Gardner Syndrome|*ET/GE/SU
MeSH Heading: Adult; Bile Acids and Salts|ME; Carcinogens; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic|PA; Child; Cholesterol|ME; Colon|UL; Colonic Neoplasms|ET; Female; Fibroma|ET; Human; Ileal Neoplasms|ET; Intestinal Polyps|ET; Jejunal Neoplasms|ET; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary|ET; Rectal Neoplasms|ET; Research; Skin Neoplasms|ET; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0163-2116
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Bile Acids and Salts); 0 (Carcinogens); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 54 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cause and course of acute myocardial infarction.
Author: Willerson JT; Buja LM
Address
Source: Am J Med, 1980 Dec, 69:6, 903-14
Abstract: A complete discussion of factors involved in causing acute myocardial infarcts is contained in this review, and a detailed discussion of various complications of acute myocardial infarction is also provided. Interventions that are capable of reducing infarct size in animal models with experimentally produced acute myocardial infarcts are discussed, and factors that might alter infarct size in patients are reviewed. Prognostic factors that allow one to identify high risk patients with acute myocardial infarction following their hospital admission and in the follow-up period after hospital discharge are identified. The need to develop more accurate measurements of the extent of myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia, and to develop additional prognostic markers that allow one to separate patients most at risk for sudden death and new myocardial infarction from those with ongoing chronic ischemic heart disease and those without additional complications from their ischemic heart disease is also emphasized in this review.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81083277

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MeSH Heading (Major): Myocardial Infarction|CO/*ET/TH
MeSH Heading: Acute Disease; Arrhythmia|ET; Atherosclerosis|CO; Cholesterol|ME; Coronary Disease|CO; Heart Block|ET; Human; Prognosis; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9343
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 55 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Fat embolism syndrome: traumatic coagulopathy with respiratory distress.
Author: Shier MR; Wilson RF
Address
Source: Surg Annu, 1980, 12:, 139-68
Abstract: Fractures and other types of trauma can cause severe metabolic, platelet, coagulative, and pulmonary changes. These changes are variable but tend to increase with the severity of the trauma and may result in the clinical findings often referred to as the fat embolism syndrome. The role in pathogenesis of increased liberation of lipids into the bloodstream, either from the marrow at the fracture site or because of physiochemical changes in the blood and mobilization of fat stores, has received a great deal of attention. These changes, however, may not be as important as the platelet activation and intravascular coagulation that occurs simultaneously. All of these phenomena appear to impair pulmonary function and cause hypoxemia. The results of treatment of the fat embolism syndrome should improve if there is a realization that even relatively uncomplicated fractures of the extremities cause significant metabolic, platelet, coagulation and pulmonary changes. These asymptomatic or subclinical forms of fat embolism are far more frequent than generally appreciated. Evidence of increasing platelet, coagulation or blood gas changes should alert the physician to begin aggressive therapy. Particular emphasis must be placed on maintaining optimal ventilation, using ventilatory assistance early if needed. Aspirin or massive steroids may also be quite helpful, particularly if they are given before the fat embolism syndrome has become fully established.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80259502

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MeSH Heading (Major): Blood Coagulation Disorders|*ET; Embolism, Fat|*/DI/ET/TH; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult|*ET
MeSH Heading: Adrenal Cortex Hormones|TU; Aspirin|TU; Blood Platelets|PH; Cholesterol|BL; Fatty Acids|BL; Fluid Therapy; Hemoglobins|AN; Human; Lung|BS; Pulmonary Embolism|ET; Syndrome

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0081-9638
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Adrenal Cortex Hormones); 0 (Fatty Acids); 50-78-2 (Aspirin); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Record 56 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Angina pectoris among 10,000 men. II. Psychosocial and other risk factors as evidenced by a multivariate analysis of a five year incidence study.
Author: Medalie JH; Goldbourt U
Address
Source: Am J Med, 1976 May 31, 60:6, 910-21
Abstract: The major independent role played by anxiety and severe psychosocial problems (especially family ones) is demonstrated by this multivariate analysis of a five year prospective study of the development of new angina pectoris among almost 10,000 adult men (average annual incidence = 5.7/1,000). The independent effect of these two variables is considerably augmented by the other significant risk factors of age, total serum cholesterol, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, certain electrocardiographic abnormalities and diabetes mellitus. The presence of all seven risk factors (at a high level) increases the probability of angina pectoris developing within five years to 289/1,000 from 14/1,000, when these factors are low or absent. The wife's love and support is an important balancing factor, which apparently reduces the risk of angina pectoris even in the presence of high risk factors. The implications of these findings to the pathophysiology and prevention of angina are stressed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77131835

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MeSH Heading (Major): Angina Pectoris|*EP/GE/PC; Stress, Psychological|*
MeSH Heading: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anxiety|CO; Blood Pressure; Cholesterol|BL; Diabetes Mellitus|CO; Electrocardiography; Family Characteristics; Human; Male; Middle Age; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9343
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 57 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Bile salts and gallstone disease.
Author: Mackay C
Address
Source: Br J Surg, 1975 Jul, 62:7, 505-12
Abstract: Bile salts play an important role in maintaining cholesterol in aqueous solution in bile. There is evidence that in some patients at least gallstones arise as a result of bile salt deficiency. The evidence to date suggests that although oral bile salts may be of use in treating some gallstone patients they are unlikely to replace cholecystectomy in the foreseeable future. The instillation of bile salts via an indwelling T-tube may well be of great use in the management of stones retained in the common duct after choledocholithotomy. There is no doubt that in this branch of medicine as in all others prevention is better than cure and our aim should be to perfect our technique so that we do not leave stones behind. However, should the situation occur we may soon have safe effective physiological solvents to dissolve our mistakes.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76019727

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile Acids and Salts|AD/*ME/TU; Cholelithiasis|*DT/ET/ME
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|ME; Human; Phosphatidylcholines|ME; Phospholipids|ME; Time Factors

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0007-1323
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 58 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cardiovascular disease in uremic patients on hemodialysis.
Author: Lazarus JM; Lowrie EG; Hampers CL; Merrill JP
Address
Source: Kidney Int Suppl, 1975 Jan, :2, 167-75
Abstract: In conclusion, patients on chronic maintenance dialysis have an increased incidence of death from cardiovascular disease. Hypertension plays a major role, and these patients must be carefully monitored for complete control of blood pressure. Adequacy of ultrafiltration to maintain normal extracellular volume is an essential part of the dialytic treatment. Hypertensive patients should be screened for excessive renin secretion because of its possible role in unresponsive hypertension in patients on dialysis. Nephrectomy should be used when necessary, where dialysis and antihypertensive medication have not adequately controlled blood pressure. Patients must be monitored for the presence of pericardial disease to avoid subsequent pericardial effusion and the development of constrictive pericarditis with its adverse effect on myocardial function. When constrictive pericarditis is present, it obviously should be relieved by appropriate surgery. Efforts should be made to minimize cardiac output in hemodialysis patients. Whether or not routine transfusions to maintain a higher hematocrit are indicated is a question that cannot yet be answered. However, patients with marginal cardiovascular function who are accepted on hemodialysis and must have an arteriovenous shunt should be supported in any manner to minimize an increase in cardiac output. Early and aggressive treatment of known episodes of sepsis is important in the elimination of valvular endocarditis in this patient population. Perhaps one of the finer indicators of adequacy of hemodialysis will be K rate and peak immunoreactive insulin levels. Continued abnormality of these parameters may contribute to cardiovascular disease. Clearly, further study of the effect of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism on lipid metabolism is in order. Serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol and lipid electrophoretic pattern should be followed to evaluate the beneficial effects of drug therapy and changes in dialytic technique on the development of cardiovascular disease. Careful monitoring of calcium, phosphorus, bone films and parathyroid hormone levels is indicated to assess parathyroid status. The use of aluminum binders and parathyroidectomy to prevent vascular and myocardial calcification is important in the therapy of these patients. The use of cardiac catheterization, coronary artery arteriography, and possibly cardiac vascular repair, should be considered in the chronic hemodialysis patient with coronary artery disease if he is otherwise well. Adequacy of hemodialysis perhaps can be evaluated through its effect on all of the above parameters. Whether or not changes in artificial kidney treatments can correct the final vascular disease remains to be seen.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76008637

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cardiovascular Diseases|BL/*ET/MO; Hemodialysis|*; Uremia|BL/*CO/PP
MeSH Heading: Antigens; Carbohydrates|ME; Cardiac Output; Cholesterol|BL; Endocarditis, Bacterial|ET; Human; Hyperlipidemia|ET; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary|ET; Hypertension|ET; Insulin|BL/IM; Kidney|TR; Kidney Transplantation; Pericarditis, Constrictive|ET; Transplantation, Homologous; United States

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 59 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Primary prevention of atherosclerosis: nutritional aspects.
Author: Steinbaugh M; Strong WB
Address
Source: South Med J, 1975 Mar, 68:3, 328-34
Abstract: The changes suggested for reducing consumption of calories, cholesterol, and sodium are not radical but sensible. These modifications are nutritionally sound suggestions which will lead to the development of good dietary habits which may be continued throughout life. Hopefully, this will prevent the child from entering adulthood with habits inappropriate for longevity and subsequently having to face the extremely difficult task of changing well-established habits.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75121960

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*PC; Atherosclerosis|CI/ET/*PC; Child Nutrition|*
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|BL; Coronary Disease|ET/PC; Dietary Fats|AE; Female; Human; Hypertension|CO; Infant; Infant Nutrition; Infant, Newborn; Male; Myocardial Infarction|ET; Obesity|CO; Sodium|AE; Sodium Chloride|AE

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-4348
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 60 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Androgens.
Author: Brooks RV
Address
Source: Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1975 Nov, 4:3, 503-20
Abstract: Testosterone is synthesised mainly if not entirely by the leydig cells and secreted episodically with a slight circadian variation. Only the free, nonprotein-bound fraction of the testosterone in the circulation is biologically active. This free testosterone passes into the target cells and is taken up by specific receptors in the muscle. In some other target tissues, testosterone is first reduced to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is then taken up by specific receptors in the cytoplasm and transferred to the nucleus. Anti-androgens appear to act principally by inhibiting this uptake.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76208888

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MeSH Heading (Major): Androgens|AI/*ME/PD
MeSH Heading: Acetates|ME; Animal; Beta-Globulins|ME; Blood Proteins|ME; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol|ME; Female; Hair|GD; Human; Hydroxylation; Infant; Male; Microsomes|EN; Mitochondria|EN; Pregnancy; Pregnenolone|ME; Protein Binding; Testosterone|BI/ME/SE

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-595X
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 61 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Oral contraceptive hypertension and thromboembolism.
Author: Kannel WB
Address
Source: Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1978-79, 16:6, 466-72
Abstract: Oral contraceptives (OCs) are a highly effective and widely accepted means of avoiding pregnancy, but they also worsen the major atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors to some degree in all women. Some OC users may suffer severe hypertensive episodes or massive hypertriglyceridemia with pancreatitis. Mild or severe adverse effects could eventually have serious consequences beyond the childbearing years. OC use would appear imprudent for women with a history of hypertension, gestational hypertension and a family history of hypertension. Special care is needed with blacks, diabetics and women with renal disease. OCs may also affect blood clotting, fibrinolysis and platelet adhesiveness. Also, histochemical and anatomical changes in blood vessels have been noted. Both may precipitate thromboembolic events while the OC user is still at the childbearing age and may also contribute to accelerated atherogenesis in subsequent years. There is a need for more specific guidelines for monitoring women on OCs for a worsening of their cardiovascular risk profile and changes in blood coagulation. Indications and contraindications for OC use in relation to the hazard of thromboembolic sequelae need to be more explicitly defined.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80025127

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MeSH Heading (Major): Contraceptives, Oral|*AE; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic|*AE; Hypertension|*CI/EP; Thromboembolism|*CI
MeSH Heading: Adult; Atherosclerosis|CI; Blood Coagulation|DE; Cerebrovascular Disorders|CI; Cholesterol|BL; Diabetes Mellitus|CI; Female; Fibrinolysis|DE; Human; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Male; Platelet Adhesiveness|DE; Pregnancy; Time Factors; Triglycerides|BL; Vascular Diseases|CI

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0020-7292
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 62 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Interventions in atherosclerosis: a review for surgeons.
Author: DePalma RG; Clowes AW
Address
Source: Surgery, 1978 Aug, 84:2, 175-89
Abstract: For the surgeon, atherosclerosis is defined by a variety of aneurysmal, occlusive, or ulcerated lesions in major arteries. These end-stage lesions often require operative treatment. However, just as advanced atherosclerosis presents complex clinical phenomena, so its earlier stages display many underlying mechanisms promoting lesions. To arrest or control atherosclerosis, the disease must be approached with knowledge about diverse biological processes. These include ceullar and systemic aspects of lipoprotein metabolism, reactions and metabolism of endothelium and smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall, and interaction of platelets with the arterial intima. The chronic nature of this process is such that surgeons are involved intimately with overall management as well as with surgical procedures. We will review underlying biological processes of atherosclerosis as related to interventions in patients with clinically apparent disease.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78250738

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*PC; Atherosclerosis|DH/ET/ME/*PC/SU
MeSH Heading: Arteries|IN/ME/PA; Cell Membrane; Cholesterol|ME; Human; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases|ME; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0039-6060
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 63 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Biochemical anomalies of the nephrotic syndrome.
Author: Lewith G; Gabriel R
Address
Source: Curr Med Res Opin, 1975, 3:4, 199-202
Abstract: The nephrotic syndrome is the only hypoalbuminaemic state frequently associated with hyperlipidaemia. In the presence of a negative nitrogen balance, hyperlipidaemia is metabolically inappropriate and reflects the result of persistent breakaway from free fatty acid control. This lipid abnormality may result in the premature development of ischaemic heart disease in patients in whom it is not possible to control the primary renal abnormality. The authors suggest that future work should be directed towards thyroxine and insulin metabolism in nephrotic states.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75208354

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hyperlipidemia|*ET/ME/PC; Nephrotic Syndrome|*CO/ME/PC
MeSH Heading: Animal; Carbohydrates|ME; Cholesterol|BL; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified|BL; Human; Insulin|ME; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Nitrogen|ME; Proteins|BI; Serum Albumin|AN; Steroids|ME; Thyroxine|ME; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-7995
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 64 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Pericardial heart disease.
Author: Roberts WC; Spray TL
Address
Source: Curr Probl Cardiol, 1977 Jun, 2:3, 1-71
Abstract: This report reviews morphologic aspects of pericardial heart disease. A morphologic classification for this condition is presented. An ideal classification of pericardial heart disease obviously would take into account clinical, etiologic and morphologic features of this condition but a single classification combining these 3 components is lacking. Pericardial heart disease is relatively uncommon clinically and when present at necropsy it usually had not been recognized during life. The term "pericarditis" is inaccurate because most pericardial diseases are noninflammatory in nature. Morphologically chronic pericardial heart disease may present clinically as an acut eillness. Even when clinical symptoms are present, however, fewpatients develop evidence of cardiac dysfunction (constriction). When pericardial "constriction" occurs, it is the result of increased pericardial fluid or increased pericardial tissue or both. Increased fluid is treated by drainage; increased tissue is treated by excision. In most patients with chronic constrictive "pericarditis," the etiology is not apparent even after histologic examination of pericardia.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77245250

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MeSH Heading (Major): Pericarditis|*/ET/PA
MeSH Heading: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Cardiac Tamponade|ET; Child; Cholesterol; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Heart Hypertrophy|CO; Heart Neoplasms|CO; Human; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Age; Myocardial Infarction|CO; Pericardial Effusion|ET; Pericarditis, Constrictive|DI/ET; Pericarditis, Tuberculous|ET

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 65 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassays to clinical obstetrics.
Author: Buster JE; Abraham GE
Address
Source: Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Oct, 46:4, 489-99
Abstract: This is a selective survey of recent publications dealing with theoretical and established applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassay procedures applied to clinical obstetric investigation. This subject is reviewed in three sections: first, basic principles of steroid hormone radioimmunoassay methodology; second, steroidogenesis in normal pregnancy and its relation to patterns of steroid hormones measured in maternal and fetal circulations; third, applied steroid radioimmunoassay technology as it is being used in established and potential clinical applications. It is concluded that steroid hormone radioimmunoassay procedures have been and will continue to be a highly productive technology applied to clinical obstetric investigation.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76030738

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MeSH Heading (Major): Adrenal Cortex Hormones|BI/*BL; Radioimmunoassay|*; Sex Hormones|BI/*BL
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|BI; Estetrol|BL; Estradiol|BL; Estriol|BL; Estrone|BL; Female; Fetal Blood|AN; Fetus|ME; Human; Hydroxyprogesterones|BL; Liver|ME; Placenta|ME; Prasterone|BL; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0029-7844
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 66 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid on lipid metabolism.
Author: Tobias LD; Hamilton JG
Address
Source: Lipids, 1979 Feb, 14:2, 181-93
Abstract: The purpose of this presentation is to review the current state of knowledge regarding 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA, Ro 3-1428) and its effects on lipid metabolism. Accordingly, the topics discussed include hypocholesterolemic and dermatological studies involving ETYA in both animals and man, as well as the effects of ETYA on desaturase enzymes. Metabolic studies involving ETYA are also noted. Primary interest is focused on the effects of ETYA on selected processes of arachidonate metabolism, and the effect of ETYA on inflammation, platelet aggregation and tumor growth are discussed, keeping in mind the relevance of arachidonate metabolism to these processes.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79134127

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MeSH Heading (Major): Fatty Acids, Unsaturated|*PD; Lipids|*ME; 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid|*PD/TU
MeSH Heading: Animal; Arachidonic Acids|ME; Cholesterol|ME; Dietary Fats|ME; Epoprostenol|BI; Fatty Acid Desaturases|ME; Human; Indomethacin|PD; Inflammation|DT; Linoleic Acids|ME; Lipoxygenase|ME; Liver|ME; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental|ME; Male; Papilloma|ME; Platelet Aggregation|DE; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase|ME; Prostaglandins|BI; Sebaceous Glands|DE; Sebum|SE; Seminal Vesicles|ME; Thromboxane Synthetase|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0024-4201
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 35121-78-9 (Epoprostenol)

Record 67 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Cholelithiasis. Review of advances in research.
Author: Redinger RN
Address
Source: Postgrad Med, 1979 Jun, 65:6, 56-62, 66-71
Abstract: Cholelithiasis is now known to result from multiple causes and to have distinct clinical correlates. New knowledge about its pathophysiology and relationship to altered hepatic metabolism, the enterohepatic circulation, and gallbladder function has led to theories of prevention and to medical methods of treatment, including dissolution of stones by bile acid therapy.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79201507

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|DI/*ME/TH
MeSH Heading: Adult; Animal; Bile Acids and Salts|ME; Bilirubin; Cholesterol|SE; Drug Therapy|AE; Female; Human; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases|ME; Male; Middle Age; Obesity|CO; Pregnancy

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0032-5481
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 68 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: American Academy of Pediatrics. Nutrition Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Breast-feeding. A commentary in celebration of the International Year of the Child, 1979.
Author: Anonymous
Address
Source: Pediatrics, 1978 Oct, 62:4, 591-601
Abstract: 1. Full-term newborn infants should be breastfed, except if there are specific contraindications or when breast-feeding is unsuccessful. 2. Education about breast-feeding should be provided in schools for all children, and better education about breast-feeding and infant nutrition should be provided in the curriculum of physicians and nurses. Information about breast-feeding should also be presented in public communications media. 3. Prenatal instruction should include both theoretical and practical information about breast-feeding. 4. Attitudes and practices in prenatal clinics and in maternity wards should encourage a climate which favors breast-feeding. The staff should include nurses and other personnel who are not only favorably disposed toward breast-feeding but also knowledgeable and skilled in the art. 5. Consultation between maternity services and agencies committed to breast-feeding should be strengthened. 6. Studies should be conducted on the feasibility of breast-feeding infants at day nurseries adjacent to places of work subsequent to an appropriate leave of absence following the birth of an infant.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79054352

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MeSH Heading (Major): Breast Feeding|*; Infant Nutrition|*; Pediatrics|*; Societies, Medical|*
MeSH Heading: Canada; Cholesterol|ME; Dietary Proteins|ME; Human; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Iron|ME; Lipids|ME; Milk, Human|IM/ME/PH; Obesity|ET; United States

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0031-4005
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 69 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Vessel injury and atherosclerosis.
Author: Moore S; Ihnatowycz TO
Address
Source: Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 102:, 145-61
Abstract: Repeated endothelial injury causes lipid-rich lesion in animals on a normal diet. In severely thrombocytopenic animals these lesions do not form or are markedly inhibited. The occurrence of lipid in some experimental designs is related to continued or repeated deposition of thrombus. Lipid deposition occurs in areas where endothelium is repeatedly removed and regrows. Repeated deposition of thrombus may bring about changes in the metabolism of the neo-intima which favor lipid deposition.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78253677

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteries|*IN; Arteriosclerosis|*PP; Atherosclerosis|ET/*PP
MeSH Heading: Animal; Blood Platelets|DE; Cholesterol|BL; Diet; Human; Hypercholesterolemia|ET; Lipids|ME; Rabbits; Sulfinpyrazone|PD; Time Factors

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0065-2598
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 70 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Essential fatty acids and the vulnerability of the artery during growth.
Author: Ball KP; Cranford MA; Hassam AG; Rivers JP
Address
Source: Postgrad Med J, 1978 Mar, 54:629, 149-55
Abstract: Essential fatty acids not only control blood lipid levels, but are the precursors of prostaglandins responsible for regulation of platelet aggregation. Dietary deficiency of essential fatty acids may play an important role in the development of coronary heart disease, particularly during the early growth period.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78178774

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteries|GD/*ME; Coronary Disease|*ET; Fatty Acids, Essential|DF/*ME/PH
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Adult; Animal; Cattle; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol|BL; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kinetics; Male; Milk, Human; Platelet Aggregation; Prostaglandins|ME/PH; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0032-5473
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 71 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: A review of research examining the coronary-prone behavior pattern.
Author: Rowland KF; Sokol B
Address
Source: J Human Stress, 1977 Sep, 3:3, 26-33
Abstract: With the increasing incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the subsequent interest in factors which contribute to its development, the idea of a coronary-prone (Type A) behavior pattern has attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, research on the coronary-prone behavior pattern is reviewed. Type A behavior is found to be fairly accurate in predicting the likelihood and severity of CHD, at least in large groups of people. Problems in measuring and in more clearly defining the components of Type A behavior are discussed. Future investigations are urged, focusing on how the behavior pattern develops and on strategies for intervention.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78006687

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|BL/PC/*PX; Personality|*
MeSH Heading: Adult; Angina Pectoris|PX; Behavior; Behavior Therapy; Cholesterol|BL; Comparative Study; Human; Interview, Psychological; Male; Middle Age; Myocardial Infarction|PX; Personality Tests; Psychophysiology; Risk; Social Perception; Voice

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0097-840X
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 72 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in healthy man: quantitative description and functions.
Author: Hofmann AF
Address
Source: Expos Annu Biochim Med, 1977, 33:, 69-86
Abstract: A multicompartmental model describing the enterohepatic circulation of conjugated bile acids in man under steady-state conditions is proposed. The model encompasses conjugation; deconjugation and reconjugation; dehydroxylation; sulfation, desulfation and resulfation; dehydrogenation; and stereoselective rehydrogenation. A dynamic description of the enterohepatic circulation and a brief description of bile acid functions in health and dysfunctions in disease are also discussed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77246631

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile Acids and Salts|*ME; Enterohepatic Circulation|*
MeSH Heading: Bile|ME; Binding Sites; Cholelithiasis|ME; Cholesterol|ME; Cholic Acids|ME; Circadian Rhythm; Comparative Study; Deoxycholic Acid|ME; Feces|AN; Glycine|ME; Human; Lithocholic Acid|ME; Models, Biological; Phospholipids|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-9076
Country of Publication: FRANCE

Record 73 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man.
Author: Hofmann AF
Address
Source: Clin Gastroenterol, 1977 Jan, 6:1, 3-24
Abstract: The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may now be described in its broad outlines. Methodology presently available appears sufficient for overall characterization in health and disease. The challenge of the future is to gain insight into the control of the enterohepatic circulation so that new therapeutic approaches to liver, biliary and intestinal disease may be developed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77244737

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile Acids and Salts|BI/BL/*ME/PH; Enterohepatic Circulation|*
MeSH Heading: Amino Acids|ME; Animal; Cholesterol|SE; Cholic Acids|ME; Digestion; Human; Liver|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Taurocholic Acid|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-5089
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 74 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Diabetes and the heart: coronary heart disease.
Author: Jarrett J
Address
Source: Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1977 Jul, 6:2, 389-402
Abstract: 1. Diabetics have a greater risk of experiencing and of dying from a CHD event than age matched non-diabetics. 2. The excess risk is particularly notable in insulin dependent female diabetics who seem to lose the usual 'protection' accorded to women. 3. The cause or causes of the excess risk are not known. There are a variety of 'risk factors' observed in diabetics which, in sum, may contribute. 4. At least in insulin-dependent diabetics some cardiac morbidity and mortality may also be due, not to coronary heart disease, but to a cardiomyopathy secondary to intramural obstructive vascular disease and/or disordered myocardial metabolism. 5. No therapy has yet been convincingly proved to reduce (or to increase) the risk of cardiac morbidity or mortality. Nevertheless, in treating diabetics there is an a priori case for using diets designed to lower plasma lipid levels as well as the blood sugar, for early treatment of hypertension and for discouraging cigarette smoking.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77244722

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|*/BL/CO/EP/MO; Diabetic Angiopathies|*/BL/CO/EP/MO
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Adult; Age Factors; Cholesterol|BL; Female; Human; Hypertension|CO/EP; Male; Middle Age; Obesity|CO; Risk; Sex Factors; Smoking; Triglycerides|BL

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0300-595X
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 75 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Bile acids, diarrhea, and antibiotics: data, speculation, and a unifying hypothesis
Author: Hofmann AF
Address
Source: J Infect Dis, 1977 Mar, 135 Suppl:, S126-32
Abstract: The primary bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid, when present at a concentration of greater than 3 mM, induce salt and water secretion from the human colon and cause a marked increase in the permeability of the human colon to molecules of a molecular weight of 200-500 daltons. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that this action may be associated with tissue damage in some species. In the healthy individual, the primary bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid, are dehydroxylated in the colon and are simultaneously precipitated from solution; at pH less than 7, deoxycholic and lithocholic acid are insoluble. In patients with bile acid diarrhea resulting from bile acid malabsorption, dehydroxylation is decreased, and the concentration of bile acids in the colon is markedly elevated. The major secretory bile acid in solution is chenodeoxycholic acid. Administration of cholestyramine, a resin that binds bile acid, reduces the elevated concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid and abolishes the diarrhea. These facts can be used to develop a unifying hypothesis which proposes that elevated concentrations of primary bile acids in the colon play a role in diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis induced by clindamycin.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77142701

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MeSH Heading (Major): Antibiotics|*/AE/PD; Bile Acids and Salts|*/BI/ME/PH; Diarrhea|*/ET/ME
MeSH Heading: Bacteria|ME; Chemistry; Cholesterol|ME; Clindamycin|AE/PD; Colon|ME; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous|CI; Human; Intestines|MI; Liver|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0022-1899
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 76 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Hyperlipoproteinemia in renal insufficiency.
Author: Heuck CC; Ritz E
Address
Source: Nephron, 1980, 25:1, 1-7
Abstract: In uremic patients, hyperlipoproteinemia is common, but its role as a risk factor in atherogenesis remains controversial. The main abnormality appears to be diminished catabolism of lipoproteins in the face of unchanged or low hepatic synthesis. The relation of diminished catabolism to reduced postheparinlipolytic activity and selective deficiency of hepatic triglyceride lipase remains to be established. Hyperlipoproteinemia in uremic patients, most commonly of the type IV variety, responds to dietary methods (reduction of carbohydrate content, increase in P/S ratio) or pharmacological intervention. Guidelines for therapy remain controversial in view of the uncertainty about the pathogenic role of hyperlipoproteinemia in atherogenesis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80099759

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hyperlipoproteinemia|*ET/TH; Kidney Diseases|*CO
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cholesterol|BL; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified|BL; Hemodialysis; Human; Hyperinsulinism|CO; Kidney Failure, Chronic|CO; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Triglycerides|BL; Uremia|CO/ME/TH

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0028-2766
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND

Record 77 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The lipid metabolism of the arterial wall and its abnormalities in diabetes.
Author: Stout RW
Address
Source: Acta Diabetol Lat, 1976 May-Aug, 13:3-4, 87-92
Abstract: Arteries are not simply conduits for the transport of blood, but consist of metabolically active tissue which has the capacity to synthesize all the components of the atherosclerotic lesion. The smooth muscle cell appears to be the most important metabolically active cell in the arterial wall. There is little information on arterial metabolism in human diabetes. Experimental diabetes depressed all aspects of arterial lipid metabolism and this effect is reversed by insulin. Insulin promotes changes in arterial metabolism which are similar to those an atherosclerosis. Thus the relationship of human diabetes to the metabolism of the arterial wall is complex and little understood.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77130925

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MeSH Heading (Major): Diabetes Mellitus|*ME; Lipids|*ME; Muscle, Smooth|*ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Arteries|ME; Atherosclerosis|ME; Cholesterol|ME; Fatty Acids|ME; Human; Insulin|ME; Phospholipids|ME; Triglycerides|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0001-5563
Country of Publication: ITALY

Record 78 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Diet, nutrition, and cancer.
Author: Alcantara EN; Speckmann EW
Address
Source: Am J Clin Nutr, 1976 Sep, 29:9, 1035-47
Abstract: As the second leading cause of death in the United States, cancer is a major public health problem today. Cancer incidence varies worldwide and tends to change with migration. These epidemiological observations have led to the concept that environmental factors may be important in carcinogenesis. Diet and nutrition are receiving increased attention and the National Cancer Institute, as mandated by the Nation Cancer Act Amendments of 1974, is playing a major leadership role in expanding research efforts in the areas of environmental carcinogenesis, and nutrition in relation to cancer. The subject of diet, nutrition, and cancer is complex. Different types of cancer are not necessarily affected by dietary components in the same manner. Although the development of certain neoplasms may be repressed by specific dietary deficiencies, other types, particularly those of the liver and upper gastrointestinal tract, are actually augmented or potentiated by such deficiencies. In extrapolating results from animal experiments to humans, caution must be exercised because of possible differences in species response to the same dietary stimulus and because spontaneous tumors may react differently from experimentally-induced tumors. Diet and nutrition are viewed more appropriately as modifiers, rather than initiators, of tumorigenesis. Caloric intake, type and amount of fat, protein, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and other dietary constituents have been studied in regard to their influence on the development of neoplasms. Dietary components may have opposing effects on tumorigenesis, i.e., protective and predisposing, and the consequence to the host will depend on the balance between these opposing forces. Studies conducted to date indicate that the modifying effect of diet and nutrition may be exerted through specific effects on 1) intestinal bacteria and substrates for bacterial metabolism, 2) microsomal mixed-function oxidase system, 3) endocrine system, 4) immunological system, 5) availability of metabolites for cell proliferations, and 6) rate of carcinogen transfer and duration of exposure to the carcinogen. More research is needed to elucidate the interaction between diet and each of these factors and to test the validity of the mechanisms proposed to explain such interactions. These studies will lead not only to a better understanding of carcinogenesis itself but also to a new understanding of the influence of diet on human physiology and metabolism.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76274982

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MeSH Heading (Major): Diet|*/AE; Neoplasms|DT/*ET; Nutrition|*
MeSH Heading: Animal; Ascorbic Acid|AE/TU; Bile Acids and Salts|ME; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats|AE; Energy Metabolism; Forecasting; Gastrointestinal System|PA; Human; Hypercholesterolemia|CO; Intestines|MI; Nutrition Disorders; Polysaccharides|TU; Vitamin A|AE; Vitamin A Deficiency|CO; Vitamin B Complex|AE; Vitamin B Deficiency|CO

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9165
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 79 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The management of hyperlipidemia: whether, rather than how.
Author: Ahrens EH Jr
Address
Source: Ann Intern Med, 1976 Jul, 85:1, 87-93
Abstract: The premise that measures used to lower the plasma lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia will lead to reductions in new events of coronary heart disease (the Lipid Hypothesis) should be reconsidered today as a result of several recent reports of large-scale double-blind drug trials in the United Kingdom and in the United States. To that end, the published evidence that bears on tests of the hypothesis by dietary and drug interventions is reviewed, and the conclusion reached that the hypothesis has not yet been adequately tested. A phased program is described that will prepare the ground for a fuller and more definitive trial of the premise in the future: the first steps must be to establish that a combined diet/drug regimen in large numbers of adult male hyperlipidemic patients is acceptable and essentially harmless and that during an observation period of several years a high rate of adherence to the regimen can be attained. Any advice to the general public to make large dietary changes now is considered premature.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76229943

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MeSH Heading (Major): Antilipemic Agents|*TU; Coronary Disease|BL/*PC; Hyperlipidemia|*TH
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol|BL; Clinical Trials; Clofibrate|TU; Dietary Fats; Drug Evaluation; Great Britain; Health Education; Human; Hypercholesterolemia|DH/DT/ET; Male; Mass Screening; Nicotinic Acids|TU; Research Design; Risk; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Triglycerides|BL; United States

Publication Type: CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0003-4819
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 80 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man.
Author: Hofmann AF
Address
Source: Adv Intern Med, 1976, 21:, 501-34
Abstract: It is clear that a truly spectacular increase in our understanding of the biliary circulation has occurred during the past 5 years. A steady-state situation has now become dynamic. In a sense, we have clarified the anatomy and physiology of the biliary circulation, and the challenge now is to describe its biochemistry. Specifically, we remain totally ignorant of the mechanism of cell transport of bile acids, the regulation of their synthesis and the action of bile acids in bile formation. When we understand the biliary circulation, we can then clarify its diseases. That, in turn, should lead to the development of a new specialty of biliary therapy.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76133635

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile Acids and Salts|*ME/PH/SE; Enterohepatic Circulation|*
MeSH Heading: Amino Acids|ME; Biological Transport; Biotransformation; Chemistry; Cholesterol|PH; Human; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small|ME; Intestines|MI/SE; Lipids; Liver|ME; Micelles|PD; Portal System|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0065-2822
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 81 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Primary prevention of atherosclerosis: a challenge to the physician caring for children.
Author: Strong WB; Rao PS; Steinbaugh M
Address
Source: South Med J, 1975 Mar, 68:3, 319-27
Abstract: This review article stresses the importance of prevention in the reduction of the incidence of artherosclerotic disease, especially coronary heart disease. Evidence accumulated from autopsy studies, animal experimentation, and long-term epidemiologic studies supports the concept that atherosclerosis has its inception in childhood. Adult programs designed to change life styles and attitudes or reverse morphologic changes appear doomed to failure. Therefore, if nutritional, physical activity, and smoking habits are to be altered, it is essential to begin these efforts in infancy and childhood.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 75121959

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*PC; Atherosclerosis|ET/*PC; Pediatrics|*
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Adult; Aged; Animal; Autopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol|BL; Coronary Disease|ET; Diet, Atherogenic; Human; Hypertension|CO; Infant; Life Style; Male; Middle Age; Myocardial Infarction|ET; Obesity|CO; Stress, Psychological

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-4348
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 82 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Corneal arcus and hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Author: Rifkind BM
Address
Source: Surv Ophthalmol, 1972 Mar-Apr, 16:5, 295-304
Abstract: A corneal arcus is a lipid deposition mainly consisting of cholesterol and phospholipid. Its prevalence varies in different populations and races, increases with age and is greater in the male. Earlier studies related the presence and severity of a corneal arcus to plasma lipid levels and linked it with certain familial hyperlipidaemias. The recent reclassification of such disorders in terms of hyperlipoproteinaemia now links the premature occurrence of an arcus with familial Type II and III hyperlipoproteinaemia. Other rare plasma lipid disorders in which corneal opacities occur are Tangier Disease and lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase deficiency.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 89203690

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MeSH Heading (Major): Corneal Opacity|*ET; Hyperlipoproteinemia|*CO/DH
MeSH Heading: Adult; Aged; Female; Human; Hypercholesterolemia, Familial|CO; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III|CO; Lipoproteins|BL; Male; Middle Age

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
ISSN: 0039-6257
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 83 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: HDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease.
Author: Francis KT
Address
Source: South Med J, 1980 Feb, 73:2, 169-73
Abstract: Of the risk factors related to coronary heart disease, three clearly stand out: elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and elevated levels of serum cholesterol. Recently, considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that, in addition to concentration of total blood cholesterol, the manner in which cholesterol is distributed or transported in the blood may be associated with the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Specifically, the level of one particular lipoprotein called high density lipoprotein (HDL) appears to be an important predictor of the possibility of developing heart disease. The higher the proportion of HDL the lower the risk of developing heart disease. In general, the blood concentrations of HDL cholesterol are high in children, decrease with age, and are the lowest in sufferers of coronary heart disease. This observation is true in both blacks and whites. The relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol have not been definitely established. Preliminary reports indicate that exercise does, in fact, raise blood levels of HDL cholesterol and may thus provide some protective effect to coronary heart disease. Data are only now emerging as to the specific effects of diet, stress, or diabetes on the proportion changes of serum HDL cholesterol and their possible interaction in CHD. New and exciting relationships appear to be close at hand.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80124256

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|*BL/PX; Lipoproteins, HDL|*BL
MeSH Heading: Age Factors; Behavior; Cholesterol, Dietary|AD; Diabetes Mellitus|BL; Exertion; Human; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Myocardial Infarction|BL; Negroid Race

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-4348
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 84 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Relative atherogenicity of different plasma lipoproteins.
Author: Zilversmit DB
Address
Source: Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 109:, 45-59
Abstract: Originally, data from the Framingham study appeared to show that serum lipoprotein fractions were no better in predicting coronary heart disease than the total serum cholesterol. More recently, the concentration of high density lipoprotein has been shown to exhibit a strong negative correlation with coronary heart disease, especially in the older age groups in which total serum cholesterol shows little or no correlation with clinical events. Biochemical mechanisms that might clarify the role of high density lipoprotein in atherogenesis are forthcoming. Another aspect of the lipoprotein-atherogenesis question pertains to the possible role of chylomicrons. Animal experiments show that cholesterol feeding is frequently accompanied by an increase in beta-migrating, very low density lipoproteins which appear to be chylomicron remnants. The atherogenic effect of serum low- and very low-density lipoproteins, including chylomicron remnants, appears to depend more on their contribution to the total cholesterol concentration than to their origin in liver versus intestines.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79079850

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*ET; Atherosclerosis|BL/*ET; Lipoproteins|*BL
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cholesterol, Dietary|PD; Chylomicrons|BL; Comparative Study; Human; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0065-2598
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 85 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Animal models of human cholesterol gallstone disease: a review.
Author: Gurll N; DenBesten L
Address
Source: Lab Anim Sci, 1978 Aug, 28:4, 428-32
Abstract: Human cholesterol gallstone disease has been a frequent and serious problem. A number of animal models have been reviewed for comparative study of cholesterol lithogenesis. These models in general have involved (1) decreasing bile salt excretion, (2) increasing dietary cholesterol, or (3) inducing gallbladder infection or stasis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 79030757

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cholelithiasis|*/ET; Cholesterol, Dietary|*AE; Disease Models, Animal|*
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cats; Cholestasis|CO; Cholestyramine; Dogs; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hamsters; Haplorhini; Human; Lithocholic Acid; Male; Rabbits; Rats; Rodentia; Saimiri; Sciuridae

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0023-6764
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 86 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Fiber and gastrointestinal microecology.
Author: Floch MH; Wolfman M; Doyle R
Address
Source: J Clin Gastroenterol, 1980 Jun, 2:2, 175-84
Abstract: The gastrointestinal tract contains a unique microecology. Microorganisms living in the mouth, stomach, and most importantly in the small and large intestines produce enzymes which help metabolize certain ingested foods, as well as maintain important body homeostatic mechanisms such as the bile salt enterohepatic circulation. Recent awareness of the importance of poorly digested foods such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignins, as well as selectively absorbed long-chain polysaccharides, has stressed the importance of the relationship of food to the microflora. This intestinal microecology has definite effects on the human host in cholesterol metabolism, glucose tolerance, and may explain such diseases as carcinoma. The exacting details of the intestinal microecology need further elaboration.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81070608

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cellulose|*ME; Dietary Fiber|AN/CL/*ME; Gastrointestinal System|*MI
MeSH Heading: Bile Acids and Salts|SE; Body Water|AN; Calcium|DF/ME; Cholesterol, Dietary|ME; Colon|MI; Colonic Neoplasms|EP/ET; Diabetes Mellitus|DH; Food Analysis; Gastric Acid|ME; Homeostasis; Human; Iron|DF; Japan|EH; Pectins|ME; Zinc|DF

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0192-0790
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Bile Acids and Salts); 0 (Cholesterol, Dietary); 0 (Pectins); 7439-89-6 (Iron); 7440-66-6 (Zinc); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); 9004-34-6 (Cellulose)

Record 87 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Is atheroma a reversible lesion?
Author: Gresham GA
Address
Source: Atherosclerosis, 1976 May-Jun, 23:3, 379-91
Abstract: In this review atherogenic factors are discussed in relation to the possibility of regression. Evidence for regression of human lesions comes mainly from postwar studies and observations on persons with chronic wasting diseases. The entry, exit and effects of lipids in the arterial wass are considered as important factors which might determine regression. A variety of experiments in different animals which have been done in order to study regression are described. Some involve cholesterol feeding and withdrawal, others are concerned with the effects of hyperoxia and drugs. It is concluded that certain forms of atheroma can be induced to regress.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76184267

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|*DH; Atherosclerosis|*DH/ME/PA
MeSH Heading: Animal; Aorta|ME/PA; Capillary Permeability; Cholesterol Esters|ME; Cholesterol, Dietary|ME; Collagen|ME; Diet, Atherogenic; Food Habits; Human; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Lipoproteins, HDL|PD; Organ Weight; Remission, Spontaneous

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0021-9150
Country of Publication: NETHERLANDS

Record 88 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review.
Author: Jensen RG; Hagerty MM; McMahon KE
Address
Source: Am J Clin Nutr, 1978 Jun, 31:6, 990-1016
Abstract: The amount of human milk ingested by the nursing infant is about 600 ml per day. The average lipid content of the mature ranges from 3.2 to 3.5% and the amount does not appear to be influenced by diet. About 98% of the lipid is triacylglycerol in which most of the secondary ester is palmitic acid, a unique structure possibly responsible for the relatively high absorbability of the fat. Small quantities of other lipids are present. Amounts of cholesterol reported, range from 200 to 564 mg per 100 g of lipid. While 167 fatty acids have been positively and tentatively identified as being present in human milk lipids, the major fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. The composition can be changed by diet, which linoleic acid contents of from 1.0 to 45.0% having been found. The "average" linoleic acid is about 10% and this amount is apparently adequate for the essential fatty acid requirements of the infant. The quantity of vitamin E also appears to be satisfactory. The hypothesis that a cholesterol challenge to the breast fed infant would enable the adult to more efficiently metabolize the sterol does not seem to be supported by available evidence, primarily, because the cholesterol content of human milks varies so markedly; 26 to 52 mg per 8 ounces. The compositions of most infant formulas currently in use in the United States are presented for comparison and convenience and a few possible problems associated with their consumption are discussed. We have suggested several areas where, in our opinion, additional research would provide useful information.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78208223

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MeSH Heading (Major): Dietary Fats|*AN; Infant Food|*AN; Milk, Human|*AN/ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Appetite Regulation; Calcium|ME; Cattle; Central Nervous System|GD; Chemistry; Fatty Acids|AN; Female; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Absorption; Lactation; Lipids|ME; Milk|AN; Phospholipids|AN; Pregnancy; Species Specificity; Triglycerides|AN; Vitamin E

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9165
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 89 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Lipoprotein metabolism in liver disease.
Author: Sabesin SM; Bertram PD; Freeman MR
Address
Source: Adv Intern Med, 1980, 25:, 117-46
Abstract: In this review we have endeavored to emphasize the central role of the liver in normal lipoprotein metabolism and to demonstrate how derangements in these metabolic processes can lead to abnormalities characteristic of liver disease. Since changes in the concentration and composition of plasma lipids and lipoproteins occur frequently in liver disease, these findings may be useful in following the clinical course of patients with liver disease of various causes. It should be emphasized that elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol are due to underlying defects in lipoprotein metabolism and should not be confused with primary hyperlipidemia. Impaired cholesterol esterification, abnormal lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns and lipoprotein compositional changes, all reflect abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism that are secondary to hepatocellular injury or cholestasis. These abnormalities are very sensitive indicators of fundamental metabolic defects that are related in part to LCAT and apoprotein activator deficiencies, impaired H-TGL and LPL activity and, perhaps, defective remnant lipoprotein clearance by the liver. Since these abnormalities tend to improve with clinical recovery they have proved to be reliable and sensitive indicators of hepatic function and thus, are useful in the assessment of liver disease.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80150458

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MeSH Heading (Major): Lipoproteins|BI/*ME; Liver Diseases|*ME
MeSH Heading: Cholestasis|ME; Cholesterol Esters|ME; Chylomicrons|BL; Hepatitis, Alcoholic|ME; Human; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV|ME; Lecithin Acyltransferase|ME; Lipoprotein Lipase|ME; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Liver|ME; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0065-2822
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: EC 2.3.1.43 (Lecithin Acyltransferase); EC 3.1.1.34 (Lipoprotein Lipase)

Record 90 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Importance of apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism.
Author: Cham BE
Address
Source: Chem Biol Interact, 1978 Mar, 20:3, 263-77
Abstract: Lipids, which serve as a source of energy and are an important constituent of cell membrane structure, are readily stored in the body. By definition they are insoluble in water. Specific proteins called apolipoproteins interact with lipids to form soluble lipid-protein complexes called lipoproteins. It is in this form that the major lipids--cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid--circulate in plasma. Unesterified fatty acids, another major lipid group, are bound to albumin in the circulation. The plasma lipoproteins are complex macromolecules composed of lipids, apolipoproteins and carbohydrates. The relative proportions of these components differ markedly between lipoprotein classes. Hyperlipidemia is a term used for increased concentrations of plasma cholesterol and/or triglycerides. Any one plasma lipid is present in several types of lipoproteins. Thus, hyperlipidemia implies the presence of hyperlipoproteinemia. The latter has important therapeutic implications. Most of the recent attempts at classification have been directed at the lipoprotein level of plasma lipid organization. Decreased concentrations of lipids in plasma can be achieved by altering the rates of metabolism of lipoproteins. Decrease in lipoprotein synthesis, increased catabolism or impaired release from cells into the blood stream may all result in a decrease of plasma lipids. Drugs which affect one or more of these factors are used to treat hyperlipoproteinemia. In order to elucidate the mechanism of action of hypolipidemic drugs it is necessary to understand the lipoprotein defect at the molecular level. This requires a more detailed knowledge of lipoprotein metabolism than is presently available for most of the hyperlipoproteinemias. This paper will review some of the generally accepted properties of the plasma lipoproteins, describe some difficulties which hamper the understanding of lipoprotein metabolism, and identify possible mechanisms by which drugs may affect lipoprotein metabolism.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78189164

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MeSH Heading (Major): Apolipoproteins|*ME; Lipids|*ME
MeSH Heading: Chylomicrons|ME; Human; Intestines|ME; Lipoproteins, HDL|ME; Lipoproteins, LDL|ME; Lipoproteins, VLDL|ME; Liver|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0009-2797
Country of Publication: NETHERLANDS

Record 91 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Diet and coronary heart disease.
Author: Walker AR
Address
Source: S Afr Med J, 1978 Apr 15, 53:15, 587-90
Abstract: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is rare in South African Blacks, even in urban dwellers, but very common in Whites. The disease is multifactorial in causation. Habitual pattern of diet undoubtedly is strongly involved. Epidemiological and other evidence suggests that for the primary and secondary dietary prevention of CHD, intake of fat (also cholesterol) should be reduced, with an increase in the polyunsaturated moiety, and obesity should be controlled. Less specific general recommendations are increased consumptions of unrefined or partially refined grain products, and fruit and vegetables. Controversies over interpretations of evidence, over dietary recommendations, and also over the changes of their adoption, are discussed.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78228914

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|EP/*PC; Diet|*
MeSH Heading: Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Ethnic Groups; Food Habits; Human; South Africa

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0038-2469
Country of Publication: SOUTH AFRICA

Record 92 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Perspectives in coronary prevention.
Author: Turner RW
Address
Source: Postgrad Med J, 1978 Mar, 54:629, 141-8
Abstract: The seeds of premature coronary heart disease are often sown in childhood and it is the developing arteries of children which are the most susceptible. Paediatricians and all who work with them have the earliest and most promising opportunities for prevention. Coronary protection can be added to the potential advantages of breast feeding and to ensure appropriate fatty acid balance throughout weaning. It is reasonable to accept the strong consensus of opinion on diet reflected in the reports of the eighteen national committees. They are: to reduce total fat intake to 30-35% of the energy, to restrict consumption of saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, to increase unrefined carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat, and to maintain a P/S balance of 1.0-1.5:1. Food is the fundamental coronary risk factor, but others may add insult to injury. Smoking, hypertension, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress, each of which is related to behaviour, may start in childhood. Smoking doubles the overall risk CHD and increases it ten times in males under 45 years old. Good habits, including food preferences and eating patterns learned early, are those most likely to be continued. School meals require and should match revised nutritional education. The co-operation of the food industry is essential and can be anticipated, but it requires a clear lead by paediatricians. The nutritional advice should come from the medical profession. Every contact with children and their parents provides an opportunity for enquiry and giving advice.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78178773

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MeSH Heading (Major): Coronary Disease|GE/MO/*PC; Diet|*
MeSH Heading: Atherosclerosis|PC; Child; Cholesterol, Dietary|AD; Dietary Fats|AD; Exertion; Food Habits; Human; Hypertension|PC; Obesity|PC; Risk

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0032-5473
Country of Publication: ENGLAND

Record 93 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Fiber, intestinal sterols, and colon cancer.
Author: Huang CT; Gopalakrishna GS; Nichols BL
Address
Source: Am J Clin Nutr, 1978 Mar, 31:3, 516-26
Abstract: It has been postulated that dietary fiber's protective effect against the development of colon cancer, diverticular disease, and atherosclerosis may be due to the adsorption and/or dilution of intestinal sterols such as bile acids and neural sterols and their bacterial metabolites by component(s) of fiber. Dietary fiber is made up of four major components-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. There is evidence that hemicellulose and pectin may induce an increase in fecal bile acid excretion in man which may be accompanied by a decrease in serum cholesterol. Natural fibers, such as rolled oats, alfalfa, guar gum, and Bengal gram have been shown to have hypocholesterolemic properties of alfalfa, wheat straw, and some other fibers found considerable amounts of bile acids in vitro. On the other hand, wheat bran, oat hulls, and all the synthetic fibers tested bound only negligible amounts of bile acids under the same conditions. Vegetarians in the United States have lower plasma lipids and different plasma lipoprotein patterns than those of comparable control populations on regular mixed diet. They also have smaller daily fractional turnover rates of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid pool size. In addition, populations on a mixed Western diet, where the rate of large bowel cancer is high (North American, English, Scottish, etc.) degraded and excreted cholesterol and bile acid metabolites to a greater degree than populations where the rate of colon cancer is comparatively low (Ugandan, Japanese, etc). It cannot be denied that the fiber theory linking fiber deficiency with the development of colon cancer and other diseases, is simple, attractive and appears to be firmly based in common sense. When subjected to research studies, however, the situation appears much more complex than expected. Although some progress is being made, the data are often contradictory and confusing, probably due to lack of adequate documentation of fiber intake (e.g., use of dietary fiber instead of crude fiber) and/or the absence of detailed information on the chemistry of the fiber itself.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78121103

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MeSH Heading (Major): Cellulose|*/PD; Colonic Neoplasms|*PC; Dietary Fiber|*; Intestines|*PH
MeSH Heading: Adult; Bile Acids and Salts|ME; Digestion; Feces|MI; Human; Lignin|PD; Male; Pectins|PD; Polysaccharides|PD; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Vegetarianism

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-9165
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 94 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Are atherosclerotic lesions reversible or not?
Author: Velican D
Address
Source: Med Interne, 1977 Oct-Dec, 15:4, 297-309
Abstract: A review is presented on the recent data which try to answer whether or not atherosclerotic lesions are reversible. Several examples are given on the regression induced by return to cholesterol-free diets and by certain hypolipidemic agents. Emphasis is also placed on the intimate mechanisms leading to lipid depletion from atherosclerotic lesions.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78074677

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MeSH Heading (Major): Arteriosclerosis|DH/PA/*TH
MeSH Heading: Animal; Anticholesteremic Agents|TU; Antilipemic Agents|TU; Cholesterol, Dietary|AE; English Abstract; Human; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Prognosis

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0377-1202
Country of Publication: ROMANIA

Record 95 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Hematologic aberrations in metabolic diseases.
Author: Buehler BA
Address
Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1980 Nov-Dec, 10:6, 500-7
Abstract: This study of enzyme deficiencies and hematologic aberrations in metabolic diseases includes disorders of amino acidopathies, lipid disease, albinism, carbohydrates, and mucopolysaccharidosis.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 81084820

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hematologic Diseases|*CO; Metabolism, Inborn Errors|*CO
MeSH Heading: Albinism|CO; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors|CO; Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors|CO; Cholesterol Esters|ME; Human; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors|CO; Lipoidosis|CO; Mucopolysaccharidoses|CO

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0091-7370
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Cholesterol Esters)

Record 96 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Colestipol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
Author: Heel RC; Brogden RN; Pakes GE; Speight TM; Avery GS
Address
Source: Drugs, 1980 Mar, 19:3, 161-80
Abstract: Colestipol is an anion exchange resin with bile acid sequestering properties resembling those of cholestyramine, another lipid-lowering binding resin. In daily doses of 15 to 30g colestipol reduces total plasma cholesterol concentrations (primarily low density lipoprotein cholesterol) by about 15 to 30%, but plasma triglyceride concentrations may be unchanged or in some patients increased. Thus, like cholestyramine, colestipol is of benefit in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia without associated hypertriglyceridaemia (type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia). Colestipol is odourless and tasteless, and is said by some to be more readily tolerated by patients than cholestyramine, leading to improved compliance, but such data has not been documented in most studies. Side effects of colestipol treatment are primarily gastrointestinal in nature since the drug is essentially unabsorbed. As with cholestyramine, colestipol may bind with other concomitantly administered drugs reducing their absorption or enterohepatic recirculation; dosage intervals of other concurrent medications should be adjusted to minimise the potential for such an interaction.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 80156475

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MeSH Heading (Major): Colestipol|AD/AE/ME/*PD/TO/TU; Hypercholesterolemia|*DT; Polyamines|*PD
MeSH Heading: Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Human; Kinetics; Protein Binding

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0012-6667
Country of Publication: SWITZERLAND
CAS Registry/EC Number: 0 (Polyamines); 50925-79-6 (Colestipol)

Record 97 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Beneficial physiologic action of beans.
Author: Hellendoorn EW
Address
Source: J Am Diet Assoc, 1976 Sep, 69:3, 248-53
Abstract: The author reviews the literature indicating the beneficial effects of a diet high in fiber and the detrimental effects of highly refined carbohydrate intake, which characterizes the present Western diet. Reduction in serum cholesterol and stimulation of peristalsis can be demonstrated by incorporating beans in the diet. In studies with male volunteers, serum cholesterol has been lowered, despite a high-fat or sucrose diet, and an investigation with rats is cited in which substitution of beans for wheat starch decreased intestinal transit time. The author points out the difference between "crude fiber," figures for which are available in food composition tables, and "indigestible food residue"; he urges that the latter phrase replace the terms "fiber" and "rough-age."
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 76238197

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hypercholesterolemia|*DH; Intestines|DE/*PH; Polysaccharides|*/AN/PD; Vegetables|*/AN/SD
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cereals|AN; Cookery; Dietary Carbohydrates|TU; Digestion; Gastrointestinal Motility; Human; Male; Rats; Time Factors

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0002-8223
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 98 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue.
Author: Steinberg D; Khoo JC
Address
Source: Fed Proc, 1977 Jun, 36:7, 1986-90
Abstract: Some physiologic aspects of the mobilization and fate of free fatty acids are reviewed. The molecular mechanism of the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue is then discussed. Recent evidence established that hormone-sensitive lipase, concerned with fat mobilization, is both functionally and immunochemically distinct from lipoprotein lipase, concerned with uptake of plasma triglycerides. Lipoprotein lipase activity is not altered by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The latter enzyme enhances not only triglyceride hydrolase but also monoglyceride, diglyceride and cholesterol ester hydrolase activities in chicken adipose tissue. Finally, it is shown that the activation of all four acyl hydrolases is reversible, the deactivation being magnesium-dependent. Protein phosphatase fractions from heart and liver active against phosphorylase a can reversibly deactivate adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase, implying a low degree of substrate specificity for lipase phosphatase.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77185698

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MeSH Heading (Major): Adipose Tissue|*EN/ME; Hormones|*PD; Lipase|IM/*ME; Lipoprotein Lipase|*IM/ME
MeSH Heading: Animal; Cyclic AMP|ME; Enzyme Activation; Epitopes; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified|BL/ME; Human; Insulin|PD; Lipoproteins, VLDL|ME; Liver|ME; Monoacylglycerol Lipases|ME; Phosphoproteins; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases|ME; Protein Kinases|ME; Receptors, Cell Surface|ME

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0014-9446
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 99 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Hormone production in ovarian carcinomas. Histochemical approach in stroma reaction.
Author: Pfeiderer A Jr; Teufel G
Address
Source: Osterr Kneipp Mag, 1976, 3:4, 83-90
Abstract: Enzymatically active stromal cells (EASC) in different ovarian tumors are concerned with hormon production. 198 cases of ovarian tumors were investigated by different histochemical methods. Distribution of lactate-and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase was investigated by plaimetric measurement.--EASC were found in benign ovarian tumors in 48%, in malignant in 30%. They are found exclusively in ovarian tumors and are completely absent in metastases. Incidence is dependent on histological type of tumor. With regard to untreated ovarian carcinoma containing EASC, these cells cover an aerea of 1.9% (0.5-5.9%). EASC occur in a very high percentage after menopause and are reduced by chemotherapy or radioation. Incidence of EASC in ovarian tumors is in relation with postmenopausal bleeding. Glandular-cystic endometrium is noticed only in connection with EASC. There is a positive relation between the quantity of EASC and the incidence of bleeding.--EASC are characterized by a strong NADP-dependent-dehydrogenase-reaction and reactions for lactate-, malate-dehydrogenases and alcaline phosphatases. Apart from that these cells are not all uniform. It seems that the enzymatically active fibrocytes are the first step of theca-like cells which are then luteinized and finally filled up with cholesterol. Histochemistry of EASC in comparison with other steroid-producing tissues make possible, that these cells have an estrogenic and more seldomly also an androgenic activity.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 77101484

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MeSH Heading (Major): Ovarian Neoplasms|EN/PA/*SE
MeSH Heading: Adolescence; Alkaline Phosphatase|AN; Androgens|SE; English Abstract; Estrogens|SE; Female; Histocytochemistry; Human; Lactate Dehydrogenase|AN; Malate Dehydrogenase|AN; NADP; Progesterone|SE

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
Country of Publication: AUSTRIA

Record 100 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Pathophysiology of lipoprotein transport.
Author: Brunzell JD; Chait A; Bierman EL
Address
Source: Metabolism, 1978 Sep, 27:9, 1109-27
Abstract: A system for classification of genetic and acquired forms of hyperlipidemia in humans based on lipoprotein physiology is described. Most hyperlipidemia can be accounted for by defects in one of four sites of physiologic regulation: (1) triglyceride-rich lipoprotein production, (2) lipoprotein lipase-mediated triglyceride catabolism, (3) remnant lipoprotein catabolism, and (4) extrahepatic cholesterol-rich lipoprotein catabolism.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 78246263

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MeSH Heading (Major): Hyperlipidemia|CL/GE/*ME; Lipoproteins|*ME
MeSH Heading: Apolipoproteins|ME; Atherosclerosis|PP; Biological Transport; Chylomicrons|ME; Human; Hypercholesterolemia|GE; Lipoprotein Lipase|DF/ME; Lipoproteins, HDL|BL; Lipoproteins, LDL|BL; Lipoproteins, VLDL|BL; Liver Diseases|PP; Phenotype; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Triglycerides|BL; Xanthomatosis|PP

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
ISSN: 0026-0495
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

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100 Different Cholesterol Studies
From 1960 to 1969

HealthGate Documents

Record 101 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: On the stratification of human bile and its importance for the solubility of cholesterol.
Author: Thureborn E
Address
Source: Gastroenterology, 1966 Jun, 50:6, 775-80
Abstract: Stratification (layer formation) is noted in vitro in hepatic bile collected after interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. Hepatic bile is still layered after more than 12 hr when collected in this way (continuously or in fractions) in a bag made of a semipermeable membrane (simulating an atonic gall bladder) and concentrated. Cholesterol solubility is very slight in the upper layer. This phenomenon may be important for precipitation of cholesterol and the formation of gallstones, since the enterohepatic circulation is interrupted when bile is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder. This condition may be prolonged by temporary stasis, which has always been considered one of the main factors in the formation of gallstones.
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 87005780

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MeSH Heading (Major): Bile|*PH; Cholesterol|*
MeSH Heading: Human; In Vitro; Solubility

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
ISSN: 0016-5085
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

Record 102 from database: MEDLINE
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Title: Tropical sprue in expatriates from the tropics living in the continental United States.
Author: Klipstein FA; Falaiye JM
Address: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York.
Source: Medicine (Baltimore), 1969 Nov, 48:6, 475-91
Abstract: The results of clinical, laboratory and therapeutic observations conducted over a seven year period in 40 expatriates from the tropics who presented in New York City with overt tropical sprue have been described. The majority of subjects presented with symptoms referable to the gastrointestinal tract, weight loss and weakness. Only nine were symptomatic at the time of arrival; the remainder developed symptoms within several months to 14 years after arrival. Thirty-five subjects had a megaloblastic anemia; this was a secondary to a combined deficiency of folate and vitamin B12 in 25 and to deficiency of only one of these vitamins in the other ten. Serum concentrations of albumin, calcium, and cholesterol were subnormal in approximately one-half and the serum carotene concentrations were low in all but two subjects. Serum values of one or more immunoglobulin were reduced in 19. All 40 subjects had malabsorption of xylose; 12 of 19 tested had malabsorption of a pharmacologic dose of folic acid; 27 of 28 tested had malabsorption of vitamin B12; and 23 of 27 persons tested had steatorrhea. Jejunal morphology was abnormal in 34 of 35 subjects biopsied prior to treatment; villi were completely absent in four and showed changes of moderate severity in 30. Treatment with pharmacologic doses of folic acid or vitamin B12 produced a clinical remission in 18 of 21 patients. This remission was sustained in all 14 subjects who were followed for periods of from one to four years and reevaluation of intestinal morphology and function in nine showed improvement in all, but return to normal in less than one-half. Treatment with oral tetracycline for three weeks resulted in clinical improvement in 11 of 12 subjects, a hematologic response in nine of the ten cases who had a megaloblastic anemia, increased absorption of xylose and cessation of steatorrhea in all, and improved jejunal morphology in 11. Vitamin B12 absorption remained subnormal in nine. Continued antibiotic therapy for six months in eight patients was associated with additional weight gain, further improvement in jejunal morphology and xylose absorption in all, and return of vitamin B12 absorption to normal in all except one. Fifty asymptomatic expatriates from the West Indies were surveyed for abnormalities of intestinal function. The absorption of xylose was reduced in six (24%) of 25 subjects who had been resident in a temperate climate for less than one year but in only one (4%) of 25 persons who had been away from the tropics for more than a year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Language of Publication: English
Unique Identifier: 89111935

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MeSH Heading (Major): Sprue, Tropical|DT/*EH/PA
MeSH Heading: Adult; Aged; Asia|EH; Case Report; Central America|EH; Climate; Female; Folic Acid|TU; Human; Male; Middle Age; New York City; North America; Recurrence; Tetracycline|TU; West Indies|EH

Publication Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
ISSN: 0025-7974
Country of Publication: UNITED STATES

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