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58. Telsinger J, Srbova J. Effect of D-penicillinamine on the urinary excretion of mercury and lead. Pracovni Lekarstvi 16. 1964; 10:433-435. (2827) [Seven patients with chronic Pb poisoning were treated with daily oral doses of 150 mg D-penicillinamine for 4-7 days. Urinary excretion of Pb increased about 4-fold which is practically as much as after administration of 0.5-g tablets of CaEDTA, 4 times/day. If future studies confirm its lower toxicity in long-term administration, D-penicillinamine may replace EDTA.]
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79. Suenaka T, Miyajima K, Kosaka H, Tabuchi T, Hara I. Urinary excretion of heavy metals following oral administration of calcium-EDTA. Osaka-furitsu Koshu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, Rodo Eisei Hen. 1977; 15:27-31. (CA) [Ca EDTA, administered to workers dealing with Pb, significantly increased Pb and Zn excretion in urine. There was a high correlation between urinary total metal and Zn concns.]
80. Nishino S. Effect of oral administration of calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate in lead poisoning. Kokumin Eisel. 1957; 26:90-95. (1834) EDTA was administered continuously to Pb-poisoned subjects for 60 days to 1 group and intermittently every 10 days to another group. The toxic symptoms and signs of Pb poisoning were more or less improved by the administration of EDTA without any harmful effect. EDTA showed favorable effect on anemia in chronic Pb poisoning especially in the group of continuous administration. Stipple cells disappeared or decreased more extensively in that group than in the group of intermittent administration.
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85. Petrovic LJ, Stankovic M, Savicevic M, Poleti D. Our experiences with calcium disodium edathamil. Proc. 13th Int. Congr. on Occup. Health July 25-29, 1960. 1961; pp 338-341. (2176) The effect of CaNa2EDTA at various doses, the largest being 35 mg/kg body weight (23 mg), and various modes of administration was studied in 92 Pb smelters exposed to Pb inhalation (0.6-2.0 mg. Pb/m3 air). Urinary excretion of Pb was 1.2-73.4 mg/24 hr, a quantity normally excreted in 33-360 days without treatment. Other laboratory findings are also given.
86. Pilat L, Moscovici B, Iorga M. CaNa2EDTA treatment in mercury intoxication. Proc. 13th Int. Congr. Occup. Health, 1960. 1961; p. 341-343.
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97. Blumer W, Reich T. Leaded gasoline - A cause of cancer. Environment Int. 1980; 3:465-471.
98. Blumer W. Calcium-disodium-EDTA treatment for cardiovascular symptoms. Plzen Lek Sborn Suppl. 1990; 62:157-159.
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102. Engstroem B, Norin H, Jawait M, Ingman F. Influence of different cadmium-EDTA complexes on distribution and toxicity of cadmium in mice after oral or parenteral administration. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1980; 46(3):219-234. (CA)
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104. Greig JB. Sodium iron ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). WHO Food Addit. Serv. 2000; 44:105-111 (Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants). (CA) A review with 9 refs. on toxicity of NaFeEDTA, including acute and short-term toxicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity and food and nutritional toxicity.
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110. Makashev KK. Effect of calcium and disodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on lead absorption, accumulation, and excretion from the system after lead intoxication. Trudy Inst Kraevol Patologil, Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR. 1962; 10:180-189. (1008)
111. Madsen JL, Scharff O, Rabol A, Krogsgaard OW. Relationship between small-intestinal transit rate and intestinal absorption of 14C-labelled mannitol and 51Cr-labelled ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid in healthy subjects. Scand. J Gastro. 1996; 31(3):254-259. (NA66)
112. MacPhail AP, Bothwell TH, Torrance JD, Derman DP, Bezwoda WR, Charlton RW, Mayet F. Factors affecting the absorption of iron from Fe(III)EDTA. British J Nutr. 1981; 45(2):25-227. (NA52)
113. Merville R, Dequidt J, Fontaine G. Ambulatory treatment of occupational lead poisoning by calcium disodium edetic acid. Lille Med. 4. 1959; 5:291-293. (2035) Twenty-eight cases of chronic Pb poisoning are discussed, including that of 1 patient with a polyneuritic form involving both upper limbs. Oral administration of CaNa2EDTA (60 mg/kg) for 7 days caused diminution of the gingival line, general improvement, and normalization of blood values. Short treatment with EDTA (for 7 days) ~3-4 times a year is recommended for prevention of major Pb poisoning accidents.
114. Stankovic M, Petrovic LJ, Poleti D. Application of Ca2EDTA (dicalcium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate) for the diagnosis of lead poisoning. Acta Pharm. Jugoslav. 1960; 10:155-159. (2202) The compound was administered orally to 24 printers, 18 persons with severe Pb poisoning, and 8 controls with no Pb exposure. The upper limit of Pb excretion in urine after 3 g CaEDTA was 0.340 mg/24 hr.
115. Suso FA, Edwards Jr HM. Influence of various chelating agents on absorption of cobalt-60, iron-59, manganese-54, and zinc-65 by chickens. Poultry Sci. 1968; 47(5):1417-1425. (CA70)
116. Vozar L. The action of complexon 3 on the copper balance and level in the organism after oral administration. J'harmazie. 1959; 14:459-466. (CA54:7892d)
117. Nielsen FH, Sunde ML, Hockstra WG. Effect of some dietary synthetic and natural chelating agents on the zinc-deficiency syndrome in the chick. J Nutr. 1966; 89(1):35-42. (CA65:14176h)
118. Pedinelli M, Stringari M. Observations on the treatment "per os" with chelating agents in tetraethyl lead production workers. Rassegna di Medicina Industriale. 1959; 28:514-525 (Nov.-Dec.) (2048)
119. Preda N, Niculescu T, Rafaila E. The treatment of lead intoxication with chelating agents. Igiena (Bucharest)13. 1964; 3:233-242. (2784) Treatment of Pb-poisoned patients in the Clinic for Occupational Diseases, Bucharest, with iv injections of 2 g CaNa2EDTA/day for 2-20 days markedly increased urinary excretion of Pb. Oral doses of 4-6 g EDTA/day were less effective.
120. Sapeika N. Actions of lead ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodynamie. 1955; 101:488-494. (CA49:14168e) The Pb complex of EDTA is a very water sol. and nontoxic radio-opaque substance. In doses of 1 ml./kg. of a 50% soln., it produces in cats, rabbits, and rats hypotension and depression of the myocardium, both transient. Intestine and nonpregnant uterus muscles were not affected, and pregnancy in rats was not disturbed. It is suggested as a possible contact medium for both oral and parenteral use in man.
121. Savicevic M, Petrovic LJ. New views on the treatment of occupational lead poisoning. Vojnosanitetski Pregled. 1964; 21:173-177. (2804) The effectiveness of EDTA therapy using Mosatil in various strengths iv, im or as tablets was studied on groups of patients with chronic Pb poisoning and compared with nontreated controls. The following criteria were examined over 7 days of treatment: basophilic stippling, Hb content of erythrocytes, number of reticulocytes, urinary excretion of Pb and coproporphyrins, and blood Pb, as well as subjective complaints. The conclusion reached was that it be considered the drug of choice in the treatment of Pb poisoning.
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184. Kimmel CA. Effect of route of administration on the toxicity and teratogenicity of EDTA in the rat. Toxicol. 1977; (40(2):299-306. (CA)
185. Leigh MJ, Miller DD. Effects of pH and chelating agents on iron binding by dietary fiber: implications for iron availability. Am. J Clin. Nutr. 1983; 38(2):202-213. (CA)
186. Lilis R, Fischbein A. Chelation therapy in workers exposed to lead. A critical review. JAMA. 1976; 235:2823-2824.
187. McGivern J, Mason J. The effect of chelation on the absorption of cadmium from rat intestine in vivo. J Comp. Pathol. 1979; 89(2):293-300. (CA)
188. Sprague G. The effect of dietary administration of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid upon the mineral content of mouse tissues. Trans. Nebr. Acad. Sci. 1976; 3:61-68. (CA) Calcium di-Na EDTA (25 mM) administered in drinking water to mice decreased the liver C and kidney Mg contents. Kidney Ca and Mg contents were elevated by similar treatment with Na2EDTA (25 mM) and muscle Ca levels by EDTA (3.4 mM). Bone, liver and muscle Ca, along with kidney, liver, and muscle Zn and bone and liver Mg were decreased, whereas kidney Mg was increased by Na4 EDTA (25 mM).
189. Herta S. Studies of the effect of chelating agents in man. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1960; 88:435-449. (CA55:2903c)
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192. Sullivan TJ. Effects of metallic edetates on the growth and blood formation of rats. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodynamie. 1960; 124:225-236. (CA54:23068b)
193. Vohra P, Bond DC. The effect of various levels of dietary EDTA on the mineral contents of some tissues of Coturnix Coturnix Japonica. Poultry Sci. 1970; 49:565-568. (NA41)
194. Vozar L, Bobek P. The influence of complexon 3 on the composition of the blood serum protein spectrum in rats and guinea pigs. Pharmazie. 1958; 13:704-707. (CA53:12473d)
195. Vohra P, Heil JR. Growth-promoting properties of crude soybean phospholipids. Poultry Sci. 1969; 48(5):1661-1667. (CA72)
196. Will JJ, Vilter RW. The absorption and utilization of an iron chelate in iron-deficient patients. J Lab. Clin. Med. 1954; 44:499-505. (CA49:1961g) Ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (I) was given orally, and the absorption and utilization were compared with oral FeSO4 (II). I and II were labeled with isotopic Fe. I was absorbed to the same extent as II (about 6%). No detectable amt. was excreted in the urine. I and II produced identical reticulocyte responses. The observations suggested that I is split in the gastrointestinal tract into ionized Fe and that this is absorbed in the usual manner.
197. Yokel RA, Kostenbauder HB. Assessment of potential aluminum chelators in an octanol/aqueous system and in the aluminum-loaded rabbit. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 91(2):281-294. (CA)
198. Zizine LA. Action of a chelating agent on thyroid activity of the rat. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 1958; 152:31-35. (CA52:20623a) Addn. of 0.5% of di-Na Ca ethylenediaminetetraacetate to the diet of rats resulted in a significant decrease in activity of the thyroid.
199. Zarembski PM, Hodgkinson A. Factors influencing the urinary excretion of oxalic acid in man. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1969; 25(1):1-10. (CA71)
200. Zorina LA, Vanshtein IA. Therapeutic value of complexing compounds in chronic lead poisoning. Gigiena Truda Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 3. 1959; 1:7-11. (2085)
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204. Oberleas D, Muhrer ME, O'Dell BL. Dietary metal-complexing agents and zinc availability in the rat. J Nutr. 1966; 90:56-62. (NA37)
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206. Parigi A, Giovanelli E. Side effects of oral treatment with CaNa2EDTA. Lavoro e Medicina 16. 1962; 3:48-51. (2451)
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213. Ali R, Evans JL (Coll. Agr. Cairo Univ., Giza, UAR). Effect of dietary calcium buffering capacity, lactose and EDTA on pH of and calcium absorption from gastrointestinal segments in the growing rat. J Nutr. 1967; 93(3):273-279. (BA49)
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215. Amery WK, Forget PP. The role of the gut in migraine: the oral 51-Cr EDTA test in recurrent abdominal pain. Cephalalgia. 1989; 9:227-229.
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217. Anderson WA, Cole MB, Gould GW, Jones MV. Antibacterial food additives for prevention of growth of Listeria and other bacteria. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 466,244 (Cl. A23L3/3571), 15 Jan 1992, EP Appl. 90/307,694, 13 Jul 1990; 13 pp. (CA)
218. Anon. Avoid "chelation therapy" pills. FDA Consumer. Sept. 1985:19(7):34.
219. Anon. Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate: permitted addition to certain foods. Federal Register. 1960; 25:7316. (CA54:25345b)
220. Anon. Black-eye peas, potatoes: order listing disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA as optional ingredients. Federal Register, cf. CA 61, 12544d. Nov. 1964; 29:14984-14985. (CA62: 3316c)
221. Anon. The complexities of EDTA. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1972; 10:697-700.
222. Anon. Disodium EDTA (Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Federal Register, cf. CA 57, 12964d. Nov. 1962; 27:11257. (CA58:3821f) [The previous regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is extended to permit the use of a max. of 100 p.p.m. of the title compd. as a color preservative in frozen white potatoes.]
223. Anon. Dressings for foods. Food additives. Calcium disodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate; order affecting nomenclature and listing as optional ingredients of mayonnaise, french dressing, and salad dressing. Oleomargarine; order amending identity standard to permit calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate as optional preservative ingredient. Federal Register cf. CA 55, 14742f; 58, 3821f, 59, 14495d. Feb. 12, 1964; 29:2382-2384. (CA60:13801c)
224. Anon. Food additives. Boiler water additives. Federal Register, cf. CA 58, 10661b. Oct. 16, 1964; 29:14224. (16697c) [Tetrasodium EDTA may be used under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as a boiler water additive in the prepn. of steam that will contact food.]
225. Anon. Food additives. Adhesives. Federal Register, CF. ca 59, 13261c. Dec. 31, 1963; 28:14493. (CA60:6131a) [The previous regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is revised to permit the use of ferric salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in food-packaging adhesives.]
226. Anon. Food additives. Calcium disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 62, 3316c. May 21, 1965; 30:6915-6916. (CA63:6236e) [The previous regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was revised to provide for the use of a max. of 310 ppm. of Ca di-Na EDTA as a color stabilizer in canned, cooked, and dried lima beans.]
227. Anon. Food additives. Calcium disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 55. August 29, 1961; 26:8072. (CA55:23853h) [One hundred p.p.m. of the title compd. may be used under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in pecan pie fillings to prevent discoloration.]
228. Anon. Food additives. Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Federal Register, cf. CA 55, 4811c. Apr. 4, 1961; 26:2780. (CA55:10737c) [The previous regulations under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act are revised to permit 275 p.p.m. of the title compd. (calcd. as anhyd. compd.) in or on cooked, canned crabmeat and 250 p.p.m. in or on cooked, canned shrimp to retard struvite formation and to promote color retention.]
229. Anon. Food additives. Calcium disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 66:94047h. May 2, 1967; 32:6686. (CA67) [The title compd. may be used under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act at a max. level of 200 ppm. to stabilize the color of canned mushrooms.]
230. Anon. food additives. Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Federal Register, cf. CA 55, 10737c. July 13, 1961; 26:6271-6272. (CA55:20243a) [The previous regulations under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act are revised to provide the use of the trihydrate as well as the dihydrate forms of the title compd. Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Ibid. 6272.-Disodium EDTA contg. a min. of 99% C10H14O?N2-Na22H2O may be used as a preservative alone at max. levels of 75 p.p.m. (calcd. as anhyd. CaNa2EDTA) in non-standardized dressings and sauces and at 100 p.p.m. in sandwich spread. It may also be used with CaNa2EDTA, with the combination not exceeding the same levels.]
231. Anon. Food additives. Chelating agents. Federal Register, cf. CA 55, 20246a. Jan. 12, 1962; 27:339. (CA56:7755e) [Di-Na ethylenediaminetetraacetate is included under the Fed. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as a chelating agent in the list of substances that may be used in the manuf. of paper and paperboard that contacts food.]
232. Anon. Food additives. Calcium disodium EDTA (calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate; calcium disodium (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate). Federal Register, cf. CA 58, 3822b. Sept. 25, 1963; 28:10377-10378. (CA59:14495e) [The title compd. may be used as a stabilizer of the color of canned clams under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act at a max. level of 340 p.p.m.]
233. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 62, 3316c. Nov. 25, 1964; 29:15814. (CA62:7027h) [A max. of 500 ppm. di-Na EDTA may be used under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in canned strawberry pie filling to promote color retention.]
234. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA (Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Federal Register, cf. CA 56, 12040a. Aug. 23, 1962; 27:8424. (CA57:12964d) [A max. of 165 p.p.m. di-Na EDTA may be used under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as a preservative in canned kidney beans.]
235. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 60, 13801c. Aug. 28, 1964; 29:12364-12365. (CA61:12544d) [The previous regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is revised to permit the use of di-Na EDTA to promote color retention in dried banana products (315 p.p.m. max.) used as a component of cereal products and in canned cooked chickpeas (165 p.p.m. max.).]
236. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA. Federal Register. June 18, 1965; 30:7895. (CA63:6238b) [Disodium EDTA, min. 99% dihydrate, may be used under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as a max. level of 240 ppm. to solubilize trace minerals in aq. solns. which are added to ruminant feeds.]
237. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 71:100539s. Jun 10, 1970;35(112):8930-8931. (CA73) [Di-Na EDTA may be used under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in gefilte fish balls or patties in the packaging medium at a max. level of 50 ppm (total wt. of fish and medium) to inhibit discoloration.]
238. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 67:2133c. Aug 14, 1969; 34(155):13153-13154. (CA71) [The title compd. may be used under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in cooked sausage at a max. level of 36 ppm. as a cure accelerator with Na ascorbate or ascorbic acid.]
239. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 62:7027h. April 25, 1967; 32:6393. (CA67) [Di-Na EDTA may be used under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as a sequestrant with nonnutritive sweeteners designed for use in aq. soln. at a max. level, calcd. as anhyd. Ca di-Na EDTA, of 0.1% of the wt. of the dry nonnutritive sweetener.]
240. Anon. Food additives. Disodium EDTA. Federal Register, cf. CA 63:6238b. Nov 6, 1968; 33(217):16272. (CA70) [The previous regulation under the US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is revised to permit the use of di-Na EDTA as a solubilizer for trace minerals in aq. solns. in all animal feeds instead of ruminant feeds.]
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370. Kovacs T, Jun L, Schmelczer M, Wagner L, Davin J-C, Nagy J. Do intestinal hyperpermeability and the related food antigens play a role in the progression of IgA nepropathy? 1. Study of intestinal permeability. Am. J Nephrol. 1996; 16;500-505.
371. Kratzer FH, Allred JB, Davis PN, Marshall BJ, Vohra P. The effect of autoclaving soybean protein and the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the biological availability of dietary zinc for turkey poults. J Nutr. 1959; 68:313-322.
372. Lange J, Pickardt E, Weinig E. Diagnosis and therapy of lead injury by complex formers. Arztliche Wochenschrift. 1959; 14:105-111. (2034)
373. Leclercq-Foucart J, Forget P, Sodoyez-Goffaux F, Zappitelli A. Intestinal permeability to (51Cr)EDTA in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediat. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1986; 5:384-387.
374. Läpinleimu K, Wegelius R. The intestinal absorption of iron administered orally. Therapeutic effect in infants and children with hypochromic anemia. Antibiotic Med. & Clin. Therapy. 1959; 6:151-155. (CA43:13391f)
375. Larsen BA, Bidwell RGS, Hawkins WW. The effect of ingestion of disodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate on the absorption and metabolism of radioactive iron by the rat. Can. J Biochem. and Physiol. 1960; 38:51-55. (CA54:4923i)
376. Larsen BA, Hawkins WW, Leonard VG, Armstrong JE. The effect of the prolonged intake of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on the utilization of calcium and iron by the rat. Can. J Biochem. and Physiol. 1960; 38:813-817. (CA54:23067b)
377. Larson RH, Zipkin I, Rubin M. Effect of administration of EDTA by various routes on dental caries in the rat. Possible role of coprophagy. Arch. Oral. Biol. 1961; 5:49-54.
378. Leighton MJ, Bhabuta A, Hill R. Comparison of the retention in chicks and mice of 59Fe given orally as chloride, ethylene diamine tetra-acetate or nitrilotriacetate and in chicks given diets composed of conventional ingredients or semi-purified nutrients. Res. Vet. Sci. 1990; 49:138-143.
379. Layrisse M, Garcia-Casal MN, Solano L, Baron MA, Arguello F, Llovera D, Ramirez J, Leets I, Tropper E. Iron bioavailability in humans from breakfasts enriched with iron bis-glycine chelate, phytates and polyphenols. J Nutr. 2000; 130(9):2195-1999. (CA)
380. Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C. Fe(III) EDTA complex as iron fortification. Amer. J Clin. Nutr. 1977; 30(7):1166-1174. (NA48)
381. Lea P, Coke M, Morwood K, Smith AW. (Smithkline Beecham PLC) Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of gastritis. PCT Int. Appl. WO 92 18,111 (Cl. A61K31/045), 29 Oct 1992. GB Appl. 91/8,080, 15 Apr 1991; 14 pp. (CA)
382. Lease, JG, Barnett BD, Lease EJ, Turk DE. The biological unavailability to the chick of zinc in a sesame meal ration. J Nutr. 1960; 72:66-70.
383. Lengemann FW, Wasserman RH, Comar CL. Enhancement of radiocalcium and radiostrontium absorption by lactose in the rat. J Nutr. 1959; 68:443-456. (CA53:22323b)
384. Likuski HJA, Forbes RM. Effect of phytic acid on the availability of zinc in amino acid and casein diets fed to chicks. J Nutr. 1964; 84:145-148. (NA35)
385. Loercher K, Koeppe P, Akkilie M. Influence of EDTA on retention and biological half-life of manganese-54 and zinc-65 in chickens. Trace Elem. Metab. Anim., Proc. WAAP/IBP Int. Symp. 1969 (Pub. 1970); 259-263. (CA75)
386. Lõkken P, Sõgnen E. 51Cr-EDTA as a reference substance in research on gastrointestinal functions. Gen. Pharmacol. 1967; 25(Suppl. 4):39.
387. Loren K. Dr. Garry F. Gordon world's leading medical advocate of oral chelation. Life flow one the solution for heart disease. 21 p. computer printout.
388. Makashev KK, Akhmedova AS. The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and cortisone on the distribution of phosphorus and calcium in organs and tissues and their excretion from the system after lead intoxication. Trudy Instituta Kraevoi Patologii, Akademiya Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR. 1962; 10:190-197. (1009) [Three groups of white rats (250-300 g weight) were used: 16 were given 1 ml/kg of a 2.5% solution of Pb acetate daily for 4-5 mo. The other 2 groups of 16 each were treated as above and received cortisone or CaNa2EDTA. After symptoms of Pb intoxication appeared, the animals were given once 1000 counts/g tissue of 32P and 45Ca and then daily intramuscular injections of 10-25 mg cortisone or oral doses of CaNa2EDTA. Cortisone caused an increase of excreted P while Ca excretion was unaffected, and an increase of accumulation of 32P and 45Ca in the bone tissue. CaNa2EDTAdecreased 32P and 45Ca accumulation in bone tissue and blood and increased their urinary excretion. CaNa2EDTA was more effective than cortisone for excretion of Pb from the system.]
389. Makeeva LG, Pavlovskaya NA, Orlyanskaya RL. The distribution of thorium in rat liver depending on the route of administration and chemical nature of the compounds introduced. Med. Radiol. 1968; 13(9):50-63. (CA70) [Administered Th was bound mainly (89-94%) in the nucleic acid fraction of rat liver irresp. of the route of administration (oral, endotracheal, i.m.). The complex salt of Th with EDTA resulted in a 50-200-fold enrichment of the nucleic acid fraction in bound Th as compared with noncomplexed salts of Th.]
390. Maestri DM, Labuckas DO, Guzman CA. Chemical and physical characteristics of a soybean beverage with improved flavor by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Grasas Aceites (Sevilla). 2000; 51(5):316-319. (CA) [A new method to obtain a soybean (SB) with improved flavor characteristics was developed by adding EDTA (EDTA). The SB was evaluated for pH, viscosity, and d., as well as for protein, oil and ash contents, fatty acid compn. and lipoxygenase activity. A water/bean ratio of 4.5:1 was selected because it provided the best protein (4.22 g 100 mL-1) and total solids (8.80 g 100 mL-1) contents. Sensory ratings for flavor and aroma intensities were also detd. and compared with those of a com. soymilk and a soybean beverage without EDTA. Samples from SB had the lowest ratings for green/beany and rancid flavors. The results indicated that the addn. of EDTA may reduce off-flavors in soybean products.]
391. Maxton DG, Bjarnason I, Reynolds AP, Catt SD, Peters TJ, Menzies IS. Lactulose, 51Cr-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetate, L-rhamnose and polyethyleneglycol 400 (corrected) as probe markers for assessment in vivo of human intestinal permeability. Clin. Sci. 1986; 71:71-80.
392. McCall JT, McLennan KG, Goldstein NP, Randall RV. Copper and zinc homeostasis during chelation therapy. Trace Subst. Environ. Health. 1969; 2:127-140.
393. McLean AEM. Phenergan and versene in dietary liver necrosis. Nature. 1960; 185:191-192. (CA54:16652b) [The decline in O uptake of liver slices of weanling rats fed a necrogenic diet was prevented by the addn. of 10-4M Phenergan or 10-3M Versene. The addn. of Phenergan to the necrogenic diet delayed the onset of massive liver necrosis.]
394. Martinez-Torres C, Romano EL, Renzi M, Layrisse M. Fe(III)-EDTA complex as iron fortification. Further studies. Amer. J Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32(4):809-816. (NA50) [The advantages of Fe(III)-EDTA as a salt for iron fortification are confirmed. This iron compound exchanges completely with intrinisic wheat iron in the lumen of the gut. The iron absorption data from this salt tested with 6 different food vehicles compared with the absorption of ferrous sulphate given with the same vehicles indicate that whereas the mean absorption from ferrous sulphate varies from 2 to 30% according to the food vehicle mixed with the salt, the absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA remains practically the same. Apparently, the iron absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA complex is slightly or not affected by the presence of vegetable foods or milk. All these data suggest that only a small amount of iron from this salt, about 10 mg daily, would be necessary to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia even in those populations relying for their subsistence on vegetable food only.]
395. Masuda K. Studies on removal of radioactive contamination in body. 2. Removal of Ca45 and Sr90 by oral administration of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in rat. J Nara Med. Assoc. 1963; 14:138-142. (NA34) [For part 1 see J. Nara Med. Assoc., 1963, 14, 4. 2. Rats received 45Ca, 100 mc by subcutaneous injection, and were killed 14 days later; urine and faeces were collected for the last 2 days. Specific activity of bone was diminished and that of urine ad faeces increased by giving 3% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (?Na salt) solution as drinking water, or by giving vitamin D, 5 intramuscular injections each of 30,000 "units" on alternate days, and still more by both treatments. Similar results were obtained in rats killed 150 days after subcutaneous injection of 100 mc 90Sr and treated during the last 2 weeks of life.]
396. Mathers JC, Smith H, Carter S. Dose-response effects of raw potato starch on small-intestinal escape, large-bowel fermentation and gut transit time in the rat. Brit. J Nutr. 1997; 78:1015-1029.
397. Miller JK, Byrne WF.
Absorption, excretion, and tissue distribution of orally
and intravenously administered radiocerium as affected by
EDTA. J Dairy Sci. 1970; 53:171-175. (NA40) [Hay and
concentrate were given to 8 calves 3 to 4 months old
weighing 80 kg. They also had none, 1.35 or 13.5 g
ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) in a gelatine
capsule or 13.5 g EDTA by nipple pails. On the 4th day
the calves were given carrier-free 144Ce, 150 mCi by
capsule or nipple pail, and 300 mCi 141Ce, specific
activity 3.8 mCi per mg, by vein and blood samples were
taken 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h later. Urine and faeces
were monitored at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. All calves were
killed at 72 h and the digestive tracts were divided into
rumen, omasum, abornasum, 3 equal lengths of small
intestine, caecum and 2 equal lengths of large intestine.
The contents of each were weighed, mixed and sampled.
Heart, femur, kidney, liver, lung, rib, spleen and bile
samples were also taken.
Oral 144Ce could not be detected in blood and intravenous
141Ce cleared rapidly, 16% remaining in blood at 1 h and
0.6% at 24 h. In urine 144Ce was 0.01% for controls,
0.21% after 1.35 g EDTA, 0.56% after 13.5g by capsule and
1.21% after 13.5 g by nipple pail: 141Ce was 1.2% of the
dose given by vein in controls, and 1.6, 5.27 and 9.75%
after the different EDTA treatments. Intravenous 141Ce
entered the digestive tract mainly in the small
intestine. In faeces and tissue amounts of doses by mouth
and vein were unchanged by EDTA. The mean 72 h excretions
in faeces were 94% for oral and 2% for intravenous doses.
Tissue 141Ce, a per cent of dose per 100 g, was in hart
0.04, femur 0.41, kidney 0.23, liver 2.60, lung 0.75, rib
0.13 and spleen 0.67. Oral 144Ce was found only in the
liver, where it comprised 0.7% of the dose compared with
36.7% of the intravenous dose.]
398. Miller WJ, Powell GW, Blackmon DM, Gentry RP. Zinc and dry matter content of tissues and feces of zinc-deficient and normal ruminants fed ethylenediaminetetraacetate and cadmium. J Dairy Sci. 1968; 51:82-89. (NA38) [Eighteen male calves and 17 goats, 3 to 4 months old, were given a semi-purified, low-Zn diet, containing 4 ppm Zn with or without 40 ppm supplementary Zn as ZnO. When typical signs of deficiency developed all animals were allocated to low-Zn diets containing 300 ppm EDTA, 350 ppm Cd, or no additive. Balance studies after 2 weeks showed that Cd doubled faeces Zn excretion in calves; goats were not affected and EDTA affected neither species. At slaughter after 3 weeks, EDTA had decreased blood Zn after high-Zn pretreatment and increased it after low-Zn pretreatment in calves and goats; Cd increased blood Zn in low-Zn animals. Zn pretreatment itself had little effect on Zn in faeces or blood. Effects on tissue dry matter and Zn were generally small; most striking was the increase of Zn in liver and tibia in low-Zn animals given Cd.]
399. McWard GW. Effects of phytic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the chick's requirement for magnesium. Poultry Sci. 1969; 48:791-794. (NA40) [Male broiler chicks were given from 1 to 21 days of age on a semi-purified diet based on isolated soya beam protein and glucose. In the first experiment supplemental Mg was given in increments of 25 ppm up to 175 ppm with or without 500 ppm ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) Best growth and efficiency of feed conversion were with 155 ppm Mg and mortality increased as the supplement decreased from 100 ppm; EDTA had no effect. In the second experiment 4% phytic acid depressed growth with 75 ppm Mg in the diet with or without 500 ppm EDTA. In the third experiment 70, 100, 130, 160 or 190 ppm Mg and no phytic acid or 2 or 4% were given in a factorial design: best Mg level for growth was 120 ppm with no phytic acid or 2% and 166 ppm with 4% phytic acid. It was concluded that phytic acid influences the chick's requirement for Mg.]
400. Milos M, Contrea A, Crista N, Rosu Maria. Effect of chelation of trace minerals (manganese, copper, and cobalt) with EDTA on oxygen consumption in liver tissue and the activity of some enzymes of chicken serum. Lucr. Stiint., Inst. Agron. Timisoara, Ser. Zooteh. 1970; 13:59-66. (CA80) [Addn. of Mn (40)+Cu(8)+Co(0.7 mg/kg of feed) to a practical-type ration increased wt. gains and feed efficiencies of chicks. Addnl. EDTA at 227 mg/kg of feed had no further effect on growth, and EDTA alone was not stimulatory. Dietary trace elements alone or with EDTA had no effect on in vitro O consumption by the liver, but EDTA alone increased it by 72%; trace elements with or without EDTA decreased the glycogen of liver and pectoral muscle, and EDTA alone was just as effective in that regard. Trace elements increased the aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), and decreased the alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) of liver; EDTA with trace minerals increase SGOT but had no effect on SGPT, and EDTA alone had no effect on SGOT but decreased the SGPT. Treatments had no effect on the serum proteins.]
401. Mendoza C, Viteri FE, Lonnerdal B, Raboy V, Young KA, Brown KH. Absorption of iron from unmodified maize and genetically altered low-phytate maize fortified with ferrous sulfate or sodium iron EDTA. Am. J Clin. Nutr. 2001; 73:80-85.
402. Mittler TE. Ascorbic acid and other chelating agents in the trace-mineral nutrition of the aphid Myzus persicae on artificial diets. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1976; 20(1):81-98. (CA) [Growth of the aphid M. persicae fed artificial diets in which the required trace minerals (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) were incorporated as chlorides was compared to growth on diets in which the minerals were supplied as sodium EDTA complexes. If the mineral chlorides were allowed to interact with L-ascorbic acid prior to their incorporation into a diet, much less ascorbic acid was needed than if the ascorbic acid was added after incorporation of the mineral chlorides into a diet. Low levels of D-ascorbic acid or citric acid acted similarly to L-ascorbic acid. This was presumably by chelating the minerals. The complexes thus formed not only maintained the minerals in soln. for ingestion but appeared to facilitate their utilization by the aphids. However, higher levels of L-ascorbic acid were needed by the insects, presumably for purposes other than trace-mineral nutrition, when they were maintained for longer periods on the diets. Deterioration in the nutrient value of diets during 2-4 days at expd. temps. was less with diets contg. minerals complexed with citric acid than with ascorbic acid. Dietary riboflavine was detrimental to aphid growth. However, it was not established that this was the result of mineral deprivation through the formation of nutritionally available miner/riboflavine complexes. Enterobactin added to a diet effectively deprived the aphids of available Fe. Higher levels of dietary Fe could overcome such a deficiency.]
403. Merville R, Dequidt J, Corteel ML, Fontaine G. Electrophoretic study of the serum proteins in chronic occupational lead poisoning. Lille Med. 1958; 3:139-143. CA55:15725b) [Studied were 21 employees of an accumulator factory, all of whom showed some signs and symptoms of Pb poisoning. Eleven of them were given ambulant treatment with Ca di-Na ethylenediamine-tetraacetate, at the end of which the serum was examd. again. In 16 cases a decrease of albumins and increase of g globulins was found. The effects of treatment on the protein pattern were variable. There appeared to be no correlation between the degree of disturbance of the protein pattern and the severity of poisoning or the duration of exposure.]
404. Sognen E. Reduction of the toxic effect of certain orally administered drugs by co-administration of calcium binding substances. Proc. European Soc. Study Drug Toxicity. 1964; 4:190-197. (CA65:4454g) [Intact animal Ca-binding substances (I) (Ca tetracemin, tetracemin, NaF, Na oxalate, Na phytate) reduce the effect and lower the blood concn. of drugs which they do not ppt. or with which they do not complex. Reduced gastrointestinal absorption of sulfanilamide (II) was produced in the presence of I, and was caused mainly by decreased gastric emptying. Though glucose and water transport were reduced in the presence of I, II passes through the intestinal mucosa apparently independent of the transport of water. The effect of I could only be demonstrated when I and II were given simultaneously by mouth, but no effect occurred when I and II were given simultaneously parenterally, or one by mouth and the other parenterally. Therefore the reduced drug action is not due to a systemic action of I.]
405. Sognen E. Calcium-binding substances and intestinal absorption. A survey of literature and own investigations. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1964; Suppl 1: 31 pp. (CA62:6899d) [A survey is given of the literature dealing with the effects of Na oxalate, Na phytate, NaF, and tetracemin on the intestinal absorption of glucose, H2O, and drugs. Glucose and H2O transport was reduced by Ca-binding substances; however, sulfanilamide passes the intestinal mucosa independent of the transport of H2O. Reduced gastrointestinal absorption of drugs in the presence of Ca-binding substances was found to be due to a retarded rate of gastric emptying.]
406. Mamduh S, Lowry DC, Kratzer FH, Norris LC. Effect of NTA and EDTA on calcium metabolism of chickens and Coturnix. J Nutr. 1978; 108(4):719-730. (CA) [Five expts. were conducted in which various levels of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or its salt, Na2NTA, disodium EDTA (Na2EDTA), and Ca were fed to young chicks, young quail, and adult quail. The duration of trials was from 1 to 28 days of age for chicks, 7 to 49 for young quail, and 167 to 210 for adult quail. Feeding 0.71% NTA or an equimolar level of Na2NTA caused a moderate decrease in chick wt., and Na2EDTA caused a drastic decrease in body wt. of chicks and adult quail. Feeding Na2EDTA caused greater mortality in chicks receiving a low-Ca diet than a higher level of Ca. Plasma Ca levels were increased by NTA in young quail and by Na2NTA in adult quail; in contrast, they were decreased by Na2EDTA in adult quail. Dietary NTA promoted greater tibia mineralization (ash/dry matter) in growing chicks. Dietary NTA increased the deposition of Zn and Mn, in chick tibia, but, it decreased Mg. On the other hand, Na2EDTA decreased Zn and Fe in chick tibia and increased Mn. Coturnix were less sensitive than chickens in responding to dietary chelates.]
407. Solomons NW, Jacob RA, Pineda O, Viteri FE. Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in man. Effects of the Guatemalan rural diet and of the iron-fortifying agent, NaFeEDTA. J Nutr. 1979; 109(9):1519-1528. (NA50) [By serial estimation of the change in plasma zinc concentration after a standard dose of 110 mg zinc sulphate heptahydrate, containing 25 mg elemental Zn, the biological availability of Zn was evaluated in human subjects. Plasma Zn concentration was stable in the fasting state. After the standard dose of Zn, 25 mg in water, plasma Zn increased above the fasting, baseline values of 61.0, 68.0, 52.0 and 37.8 mg/100 ml, respectively, at the first 4 hourly sampling intervals. Four h after a standard meal, based on the traditional rural diet of Guatemala and consisting of 120 g maize tortillas, 120 g black bean gruel, 40 g sweet rolls and 250 ml coffee sweetened with 15 g sugar, plasma Zn was significantly lower than the fasting value. Addition of 25 mg Zn to the black bean gruel in the meal prevented this decline, but did not increase plasma Zn above fasting values; apparently Zn absorption was inhibited by the meal. Probably, phytates, dietary fibre and calcium were major factors, and coffee was a minor factor in this inhibition. The chelate of iron with EDTA, NaFeEDTA, an Fe-fortifying agent proposed for use in Guatemala, at 15 mg, equivalent to that in a cup of coffee sweetened with 15 g fortified sugar, and at 40 mg, equivalent to that eaten in a day by rural Guatemalans, did not significantly depress Zn uptake. Moreover, no influence of 15 mg NaFeEDTA beyond that of coffee or food itself, was found. High doses of NaFeEDTA, beyond the normal range, impaired Zn absorption, and the EDTA moiety, rather than Fe, was responsible. The suggestion was that fortification of sugar with NaFeEDTA at 1 mg/g would not influence Zn status, but that the basal Guatemalan diet, itself, impairs Zn status.
408. Skorkowska-Zieleniewska J,
Bartnik J, Mentel M. Preliminary studies on the effect of
versenates on the organism in the light of views on
possibilities of the use of these compounds in the food
industry. Przem. spoz. 1969; 23:237-240. (NA40) [In 2
trials groups of female Wistar rats 4 weeks old weighing
52 g, received a diet without or with disodium versenate
(Na2EDTA). In the first trial, 3 groups of 4 rats were
given none, 25 or 250 mg Na2EDTA per day per rat. In the
second trial, 2 groups of 5 or 6 rats were given none or
250 mg Na2EDTA per day per rat. Rats were killed after 2
weeks in trial 1 and after 6 weeks in trial 2. Fe and Cu
in liver as well as Hb in blood were estimated. In both
trials there was a considerable decrease of Fe and Hb in
all groups given Na2EDTA. Liveweight gain in those groups
was somewhat less than in the control ones. The smaller
amount of Na2EDTA caused an increase in Cu in liver,
while the larger one only slightly increased or decreased
Cu.
As the limits set by standards range from 70 to 800 mg
versenate per kg food product it was thought that a
relatively high intake of versenate by people is
possible. It was concluded that versenates should be
introduced into the food industry with more caution.]
409. Stantschew S. Prevention of chronic saturnism by oral use of calcium-sodium-EDTA. Zeitschrift fur die Gesamte Hygiene und Ihre Grenzgebiete. 1964; 10:180-186. (2818) [Since in Bulgaria, EDTA has not yet been used for the treatment or prevention of Pb poisoning, the author reports his observation on 24 workers engaged in the manufacture of Pb pigments. All showed signs of excessive absorption of Pb and all had earlier received treatment. The "test" group of 14 workers received orally twice a day for 8 days a 10% solution (10 ml) of the CaNa2 salt of EDTA, and 10 received no EDTA. Of the test group 4 had no complaints; 4 had periodic abdominal cramps; the others complained of various sorts of digestive discomfort, 1 had joint pain and in 1 the liver could be palpated. All showed facial pallor. Detailed blood and porphyrin tests and determinations of urinary Pb were made 1 day before administration was started, on the 5th day and 1 day after treatment was discontinued. Average urinary Pb excretion increased from an initial value of 0.149 mg/l to 1.174 on the 5th day and returned to 0.150 on the 11th day, that is, each man excreted a total of 7.894 mg Pb on the av over the 8 days of treatment. The control group that was not given EDTA, excreted an av of 0.115 mg Pb/l or a total of 0.920 mg over the 8-day period. In 3 men, urinary Pb was measured every 2 hr for 24 hr. Pb excretion had doubled within 2 hr after EDT administration, increased 4- to 7-fold after 6-8 hr and kept on increasing up to the 24th hr. Coproporphyrin was positive in all 14 men before treatment; after treatment it was negative in 7, decreased in 5 and unchanged in 2, while there were no changes in the control group. Hemoglobin increased an av of 5.1% after the EDTA doses, stippled erythrocytes disappeared in all but 2 of the 14 patients. Objective and subjective improvement was obvious in all treated workers. The men were observed for 6 more mo. When 2 of them after 4 mo again showed indications of Pb poisoning, EDTA treatment was repeated and again was successful. Generally, no harmful effects of the treatment were noted and its use is recommended. It is contraindicated in cases of renal damage.]
410. Stevens E, Rosoff B, Weiner W, Spencer H. Metabolism of the chelating agent diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (C14DTPA) in man. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 1962; 111:235-238.
411. Sullivan TJ. Effect of manganese edetate (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) on blood formation in rats. Nature. 1960; 186:87. (CA54:17592e) [A severe but reversible Fe-deficiency anemia was produced in immature but not in adult rats by feeding a diet contg. 4% Mn edetate.]
412. Tada O, Sawano T, Nakaoki K. Effect of calcium EDTA administration on the heavy metal content of liver, kidney, and spleen. Rodo Kagaku. 1964; 40(6):252-258. (CA63:16996f) [The content of Fe, Cu, and Zn in the liver, kidney, spleen, and blood was detd. after administration of Ca EDTA, employing mice, rats, and rabbits as exptl. animals. The method of administration was (1) mice: 2 weeks oral administration of 2.0 g./kg./day, (b) rats: 3 weeks oral administration of 0.6, 1.8, and 2.4 g./kg./day, (c) mice: about 5 months oral administration of 1.0 g./kg./day, (d) rabbits: intraperitoneal injection of 0.4 and 0.8 g./kg., and (e) rats: intravenous injection of 0.4 g./kg. In (a), (b), and (d), no significant difference from the control was noted in the metal content of the organs. In (c) and (e), Fe in the liver and Cu in the kidney were decreased by Ca EDTA administration. Long-term administration in (c) caused a marked decrease in Fe content of the liver. The effect of administration on the metal content of the spleen was indistinct in all groups. The metal content of blood was increased by intraperitoneal injection.]
413. Suso FA, Edwards Jr. HM. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and zinc-65 binding by intestinal digesta, intestinal mucosa, and blood plasma. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1971; 138(1):157-162. (CA76) [In chickens fed for 2 weeks on diet contg. 70 ppm (HO2CCH2)NCH2CH2N(CH2CO2H)2 zinc and 0.125% EDTA (I), and then injected with 65Zn and EDTA-14C elution peaks from gel filtration of intestinal digesta, intestinal mucosa, and blood plasma prepns. appeared together and the ratios of 14C:65Zn radioactivity were 1.10, 1.26, and 1.26, resp., indicating strong binding of the Zn-EDTA complex. After 150 hr of dialysis the intestinal digesta, mucosal sol. fractions, and plasma samples retained 15, 66, and 98% resp., of 65Zn and EDTA-14C. The EDTA-Zn complex was bound to a MUCOSAL PROTEIN OF 14,000-18,000 mol. wt., and to a PLASMA PROTEIN of 65,000-70,000 mol. wt. which had greater affinity for Zn than the mucosal protein.]
414. Taylor DM. The absorption of cobalt from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Phys. Med. Biol. 1962; 6:445-451. (CA56:12137e) [A radioactive tracer technique, based on the measurement of the urinary excretion of Co?? following oral administration, was used to study the effects of concn. and of various amino acids, proteins, and other substances on the absorption of Co from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Solns. of Co plus the various substances were prepd. by mixing 100 micromoles of the substance with 2 mc. Co??Cl2 contained in 0.05 ml. soln., dilg. to 1 ml., and adjusting to pH 6 with solid NaHCO2. All solns. were left at room temp. 30 min. before administration. For absorption measurements 0.2-0.5 g (0.2-0.5 mc.) the CoCl2 was administered to each rat by gastric intubation. Three days later, rats were killed with ether, and the carcass and feces were prepd. sep. for assay of Co by ashing at 600°. The fraction of absorbed Co excreted in the urine over the period of observation was detd. by measuring the urinary excretion of Co over a 3-day period following intravenous administration of a tracer dose of Co. Groups of rats were injected with 0.2 mc. Co?? as the serum protein complex, or as a Co-glycine complex (I) contg. various amts of Co. Excretion of Co was not influenced by the form in which it was injected and the mean urinary recovery was 73.0%. After oral administration of CoCl2, I, or serum or lactose complexes, 30% of the metal was absorbed. Absorption was 40% when administered in cow milk. Histidine, lysine, glycylglycine, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, casein, and I all depressed absorption of the metal. An increase in the dose of Co to 100 g reduced absorption to 16%. Further increases in the dose to 1000 g reduced the absorption to 11%. In a sep. test to det. the production of polycythemia in rats fed Co orally, either in glycine soln. or as CoCl2, 1 mg. daily for 6 weeks, it was found that glycine exerted no inhibitory action.
415. Taylor SM, Mallon TR, Blanchflower WJ, Kennedy DG, Green WP. Effects of diet on plasma concentrations of oral anthelmintics for cattle and sheep. Vet. Rec. 1992; 130:264-268.
416. Teahon K, Somasundaram S, Smith T, Menzies I, Bjarnason I. Assessing the site of increased intestinal permeability in coeliac and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 1996; 38:864-869.
417. Thomas PS, Ashton C. An oral treatment for lead toxicity. Postgrad Med. J. 1991; 67:63-65.
418. Thomas RO, Litovitz TA, Geschickter CF. Alterations in dynamics of calcium metabolism by intraintestinal calcium reservoirs. Am. J Physiol. 1954; 176:381-387.
419. Troncon LE de A, Pires CR, Kraus OA, Iazigi N. Estudo de permeabilidade intestinal pelo teste do 51-CrEDTA: utilidade clinica na deteccao de alteracoes estruturais do epitelio do intestino delgado. Arq. Gastroenterol. 1996; 33:66-73.
420. Turck D, Ythier H, Maquet E, Deveaux M, Marchandise X, Farriaux JP, Fontaine G. Intestinal permeability to (51Cr)EDTA in children with Crohn's disease and celiac disease. J Pediat. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1987; 6:535-537.
421. Valledor T, Borbolla L, Villa Campos J, Garcia Palacio A, Garcia Otero A. Lead poisoning in infants: Recent advances in the treatment; 8 cases in 2 families. Revista Colombiana de Pediatria Puericultura. 1956; 16:173-194. (2917) [Eight cases of Pb poisoning in children aged 7 mo-9 yr were studied. There were 2 deaths by encephalitis. The others suffered varying degrees of poisoning. In the case of the one family (3 children), the source was an abandoned Pb foundry where the children played; the other family lived close to a storage battery factory and here also the children played in the yards around it. Two of them were treated with 2.5 mg BAL/kg, 4 times daily, for 2 days and 2 times/day for the next 18 days. In 4 cases 60 mg CaEDTA/kg/day, distributed in various doses over the day, were administered orally for 20 days. Tablets of 335 mg CaEDTA were used. The clinical diagnostic criterion for Pb poisoning was irritability, headache, vomiting, constipation, abdominal colics and Burton's line on the gums. Anemia, basophilic stippling, decrease of hemoglobin, glycosuria and radiologic changes of the large bones were other signs. In 7 cases EEG's were taken. Results of clinical and laboratory tests for the 8 cases were listed.]
422. Verma M, Ganguly NK, Majumdar S, Walia BNS. 51-Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and D-xylose absorption test in Escherichia coli enterotoxin-induced diarrhoea in mice. Scand. J Gastroenterol. 1995; 30:886-891.
423. Vinas-Salas J, Biendicho-Palau P, Pinol-Felis C, Miguelsanz-Garcia S, Perez-Holanda S. Calcium inhibits colon carcinogenesis in an experimental model in the rat. Eur. J Cancer. 1998; 34(12):1941-1945. (CA) [Different dietary factors can affect colorectal cancer incidence. However, the effect of increased levels of dietary calcium on neoplasma is unclear. The present study was designed to examine the effect of a low calcium supplement on exptl. colon carcinogenesis induced by parenteral administration of dimethylhydrazine (DMH). One hundred and twenty 10-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of equal sex distribution. The 10 rats in group A (control group) received no treatment; the 30 rats in group B (DMH group) were injected s.c. with 18 weekly doses of 21 mg/kg DMH; the 20 rats in group C (EDTA control group) received EDTA soln. only; the 30 rats in group D (calcium group) received calcium at 3.2g/l by adding calcium lactate to the drinking water from the start until the conclusion of the expt.; and the 30 rats in group E (DMH + calcium group) received oral calcium supplements at the same dose as the rats in group D (calcium group) and the same DMH injections as the rats in group B (DMH group). The rats were sacrificed at 25-34 wk. In group E, we obsd. a significant diminution in the no. of tumors (P=0.01); an increase in the no. of tumor-free animals (P=0.006); a change in tumor location towards the distal colon (P<0.025); more adenomas (P=0.02); and a diminution of adenocarcinomas and mucinous carcinomas, although this was not significant. We conclude that a low dietary calcium supplement in rats inhibits colon cancer carcinogenesis induced by DMH, and changes tumor location towards the distal colon.]
424. Valverde A, Murillo A. Endogenous excretion of calcium: effects of sodium oxalate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate and EDTA. Ars. Pharm. 1978; 19(4): 353-360. (CA) [In rats, administration of a diet contg. 0.56% Na oxalate (I) resulted in a 6-fold increase in the fecal excretion of Ca along with a marked decrease in the Ca excretion in urine. Probably, I induces endogenous Ca pptn., thus impairing its reabsorption. These effects were not influenced by the age or wt. of the exptl. animals. When Na citrate or EDTA were added at 3 and 0.3%, resp., increased fecal and urinary Ca excretion was obsd., whereas Na lactate addn. to the diet increased urinary Ca and did not alter fecal Ca.]
425. Viteri FE, Alvarez E, Batres R, Torun B, Pineda O, Mejia LA, Sylvi J. Fortification of sugar with iron sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (FeNaEDTA) improves iron status in semirural Guatemalan populations. Am. J Clin. Nutr. 1995; 61:1153-1163.
426. Varela G, Murillo A. Influence of sodium oxalate and EDTA on the digestibility and endogenous fecal elimination of calcium in rats. An. Bromatol. 1967; 19(1):91-112. (CA67) [In rats, av. wt. 165 g., on a diet contg. 1% CaCO? as the only source of Ca over a period of 7 days, the coeff. of Ca digestibility (C/D) was 42.6%. Up to 1.34% of Na oxalate in the diet produced a proportional decrease in the apparent CD to <0. Addn. of 1% EDTA to the diet decreased the influence of the oxalate, so that for 1.34% oxalate the CD was 11.1%. EDTA added to the diet without the oxalate did not influence the CD. The elimination of fecal Ca of endogenous origin varied greatly, but averaged 0.183 mg. Ca/g. of dry substance eaten which did not contain Ca. Addn. of 1.34% oxalate to the diet increased 5-fold the elimination of endogenous Ca. Addn. of 1% EDTA to the diet tripled the fecal endogenous Ca, and i.m. injection of 6 mg. of EDTA doubled the fecal endogenous Ca. In diets with both oxalate and EDTA, the increase of fecal elimination of endogenous Ca was the sum of the individual effects.]
427. Varela G, Sanchez FS. Pharmacodynamics of sodium versene. I. Toxicity and action on smooth muscle. Arch. inst. farmacol. exptl. 1952; 4:5-11. (CA47:6554b) [Orally, as much as 1 g./kg. body wt. of Na versene (I) given to rats produced no effect. Intravenously, MLD for rats is 51.2 mg./kg. body wt. The contractions of isolated rabbit intestinal, or guinea-pig uterus, muscle, suspended in either Tyrode or Ringer soln., were destroyed by the addn. of 0.1 ml. of 2.4% I. The addn. of I completely represses the effect of adrenaline and of acetylcholine. All the effects observed could be reversed by washing.]
428. Viteri FE, Garcia-Ibanez R, Torun B. Sodium iron EDTA as an iron fortification compound in Central America. Am. J Clin. Nutr. 1978; 31(6):961-971. [Studies were performed in 7 children and 98 adults to compare the proportion of Fe absorbed when administered as (Fe2(SO4)3, Na Fe EDTA, and ferrous ascorbate. Studies in children (mostly Fe deficient) showed that when the compds. were given with a milk-rice-sugar formula totalling 5 mg Fe, Fe from Hb was absorbed best, followed by Na Fe EDTA and by Fe2(SO4)3 (mean absorption 34.5, 8.6, and 3.3% resp.). Studies in normal or Fe-deficient adults also demonstrated a better absorption of Fe from Na Fe EDTA than from Fe2(SO4)3 whether these compds. were given in an aq. soln. (5 mg Fe) or with a std. meal consisting of beans, tortillas, bread, and coffee providing also a total of 5 mg Fe. Hb Fe under the same conditions was absorbed in the same proportion to the ref. Fe ascorbate, always being higher than Fe absorbed from the other compds. Fe2(SO4)3 and Na Fe EDTA mixed in the same meal were absorbed in the same proportion as when Na Fe EDTA alone was added to the meal and 2-3 times better than when Fe2(SO4)3 alone was added to the meal. Addn. of desferrioxamine depressed Fe absorption from Fe2(SO4)3 and Na Fe EDTA, the latter being less affected. Addn. of ascorbic acid increased absorption from both. When the compds. were added to the meal to provide 50 mg Fe, percentage absorption was depressed in relation to the smaller Fe dose in the case of Fe2(SO4)3 and Hb but remained unaltered in the case of Na Fe EDTA. Addn. of 45 mg Fe as Fe2(SO4)3 or Na Fe EDTA to 0.4 mg Fe from Hb in the meal did not change Hb Fe absorption. Addn. of 45 mg Fe as Hb or Na Fe EDTA to 0.4 mg Fe from Fe2(SO4)3 in the meal enhanced Fe absorption from the latter in the same proportions. Addn. of 45 mg Fe as Fe2(SO4)3 and Hb to 0.4 mg Fe as Na Fe EDTA in the meal resp. depressed and enhanced Fe absorption from Na Fe EDTA. Na Fe EDTA, Fe2(SO4)3, and nonheme food Fe form a common pool different from the heme pool but which is changed in its characteristics by the presence of Na Fe EDTA, resulting in a better absorption of Fe.]
429. Vohra P, Gonzales N. Effect of EDTA on the preferential intestinal absorption of zinc than manganese in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 1969; 48(4):1509-1510. (CA72) [As the addn. of EDTA to purified diets improved the availability of the Zn already present and also improved the availability of supplementary Zn; and since Zn and Mn were always present together in the feeds, the effect of EDTA on the simultaneous absorption of ??Zn and 54Mn was investigated on turkey poults. These had been raised to an age of 28 days on 4 purified diets contg. 25% casein and 8% gelatin as protein sources, 46% starch and the necessary mineral and vitamin supplements. Test diets contained ZnO, EDTA-Na22H2O, or both. Following a 20-24 hr period of fasting, a segment of the small intestine was used to detn. ??Zn and 54Mn and the ratio using a 2-channel gamma spectrometer. The results indicated that EDTA stimulated preferentially the absorption of Zn over Mn when both of them were present simultaneously in the intestine of the poults.]
430. Vasiljevic S, Kalic-Filipovic D, Andelovski A. Experiences in oral and parenteral application of CaNa2EDTA. Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol. 1969; 20(4):Suppl:113-121.
431. Vergara P, Ferrando C, Jimenez M, Fernandez E, Gonalons E. Factor determining gastrointestinal transit time of several markers in the domestic fowl. Quart. J Exp. Physiol. 1989; 74:867-874.
432. Vohra P, Gottfredson GD, Kratzer FH. The effects of high levels of dietary EDTA, zinc or copper on the mineral contents of some tissue of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 1968; 47:1334-1343. (NA39) [Groups of 10 turkey poults were given for 21 days a diet based on starch and isolated soya bean protein with Zn 154, Cu 22, Mn 97 and Fe 148 ppm alone or with 18 or 36.6 mmoles ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) per kg, 1129 or 2258 ppm Zn or 940 ppm Cu in different combinations. Cu and the larger amount of Zn depressed weight gain and EDTA counteracted only the latter effect. Ash of tibia and beak were increased by Cu and EDTA. Tissue Zn was increased by extra Zn but the effect was less when EDTA was given; of the other elements studied Mn in tibia was increased and Fe in beak was reduced by Zn. EDTA increased Mn in tibia, beak and kidney and reduced Fe in tibia. Extra Cu increased Cu in tissues and Zn in testes and reduced Fe in liver. In general EDTA counteracted the effects of excess Zn but not of excess Cu.]
433. Vozar L, Simko V. The blood picture of rats given Komplexon 3 (disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Biologia. 1959; 14:611-617. (CA54:23065d) [Rats given 40 mg./100 g. body wt. of above compd. (I) daily for 20 days showed a significant decrease in the hemoglobin content of the erythrocytes. No changes occurred in the erythrocyte count. The total leucocyte count and the no. of lymphocytes decreased. No change was observed in the no. of segmented neutrophile leucocytes. A gradual improvement of these changes was observed in 4-7 weeks even if the administration of I was continued.]
434. Vohra P, Davis MJ, Craig RM. The improvement of hatchability of Coturnix (Japanese Quail) eggs by EDTA. Poultry Sci. 1970; 49:780-783.
435. Vohra P, Kratzer FH. Influence of various chelating agents on the availability of zinc. J Nutr. 1964; 82:249-256. (NA34) [In feeding trials with turkey poults given a Zn-deficient diet 28 compounds, al chelating agents with stability constants for Zn ranging from 5.3 to 18.8, were tested. In each trial control groups received the basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with 15 mg Zn or 200 mg, 0.684 mmole, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) per kg and other groups were given the basal diet with supplements of other chelating agents in amounts equimolar with EDTA. Each trial lasted about 20 days. Compounds with a stability constant for Zn of 13 to 17 seemed to be about equal for growth.]
436. Vozar L. Iron balance and level in the organism after the administration of disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Ceskoslov. gastroenterol. vyziva. 1959; 13:261-269. (CA54:10158c) [Title compd. (I) administered per os in doses of 40 mg./100 g. body wt. to 96 male rats effected a better utilization of Fe in the digestive tract and influenced the distribution of Fe in the tissues. In short-term expts. changes were noted in the Fe level in the liver, brain, and skeletal muscle; by protracting the exptl. period the changes in the Fe concn. in the liver and brain gradually disappear but persist in the skeletal muscle, where they are manifested by a marked accumulation of Fe. This effect of Fe accumulation in the skeletal muscle persists even after 20 days of I administration. Doses of 80 mg. I/100 g. wt. produce a decrease in the skeletal muscle Fe level.]
437. Vohra P, Kratzer FH. Influence of various phosphates and other complexing agents on the availability of zinc for turkey poults. J Nutr. 1966; 89(1):106-112. (CA65: 14177d) [The availability of Zn from its compds. with various inorg. phosphates, phytic acid, and some org. chelates was studied for turkey poults fed purified diets contg. isolated soybean protein. With 15 ppm. Zn in the diet, the gain in wt. of turkey poults was less with CaHPO42H2O, Na phytate, or Ca phytate than with Na hexametaphosphate, Na tripolyphosphate, Na acid pyrophosphate, or Na orthophosphate supplying ½ the dietary P (0.6%). When mixed with enough ZnO to provide 15 ppm. Zn before mixing with the purified diets at levels of 0.684 millimole, Na tripolyphosphate, Na hexametaphosphate, and Na phytate reduced its availability. Various phosphates did not improve the availability of Zn already present in the diets. Even though 1,2-diaminocyclohexa-netetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were far less effective than EDTA in making dietary-bound Zn available for turkey poults, Zn was equally available from its complexes with these compds. and citric acid but not as available from complexes with orthophosphoric acid, hexametaphosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, tripolyphosphoric acid, or phytic acid.]
438. Vohra P, Kratzer FH. Zinc, copper, and manganese toxicities in turkey poults and their alleviation by EDTA. Poultry Sci. 1968; 47(3):699-704. (CA69) [Turkey poults can tolerate dietary levels of 4080, 2000, and 676 ppm. of Mn, Zn, and Cu, resp. A growth depression caused by 4000 but not by 8000 ppm. Zn was overcome by 15.4 to 30.8 millimoles EDTA/kg. diet. No mortality was observed even at 10,000 ppm. Zn. Copper caused growth depression at about 900 ppm., increased mortality at 1620 ppm. and was lethal at 3240 ppm. Survival was increased but Cu toxicity was not overcome entirely by EDTA. A growth depression was observed at 4800 ppm. Mn.]
439. Waldroup PW, Bowen TE, Morrison HL, Hull SJ, Tollett VE. The influence of EDTA on performance of chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets with and without trace mineral supplementation. Poultry Sci. 1968; 47:956-960. (NA39) [In 2 trials 4 or 5 replicates of 10 chickens were given from day=old for 4 weeks a diet base don maize and soya bean meal with a mineral mixture supplying Fe, Mn and Zn each 100 and Cu 10 ppm, and with no ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) or 100, 200, 400, 800 or 1600 ppm. There was no significant difference in bodyweight or efficiency of feed conversion except in the second trial when 1600 ppm EDTA reduced both. In the third trial 3 replicate groups of 15 chickens were given the same supplements, except 1600 ppm EDTA, with and without the mineral mixture. Neither EDTA nor the mineral mixture significantly affected bodyweight or deformities of toe and hock.]
440. Whittaker P, Vanderveen JE, Dinovi MJ, Kuznesof PM, Dunkel VC. Toxicological profile, current use, and regulatory issues on EDTA compounds for assessing use of sodium iron EDTA for food fortification. Regulatory Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1993; 18:419-427.
441. Weerden EJ Van. Reduced availability of iron in diets for fattening calves. Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift. 1973; 85(11):388-394. (NA44) [From, on average, about 50 to 140 kg 5 groups of 4 calves were fattened. The first had a calf milk feed of conventional composition containing abut 10 mg Fe/kg. The second, third and fourth groups had 50 mg/kg Fe added as ferrous sulphate during the first 6 weeks of fattening and 30 mg thereafter. The fifth had 30 mg added throughout. The third group were given also 3000 mg/kg chlorophyll preparation which was 20% pure and the fourth and fifth had a preparation of EDTA corresponding to 230 and 2300 mg/kg of the actual acid. Three Fe balance trials around the beginning, middle and end of fattening and consisting of a main period of 7 days, preceded by from 6 to 7 days of adaptation, showed that retention of the added Fe was reduced somewhat by the chlorophyll and by the low concentration of EDTA and was prevented entirely by the large amount of EDTA. Excretion of Fe was almost entirely in faeces. Testing of Hb every 2 weeks showed that values declined steadily in the first and fifth groups to, on average, 6.7 and 5.8 g/100 ml blood; in the other groups they fell in the first 4 weeks and thereafter remained at, on average, about 11 g. Meat from the first and fifth groups was pale and had a lower pigment content than in the other groups, which also had more Fe in liver than the first and fifth. It was concluded that utilisation of Fe was not clearly affected by the additives, except for the high concentration of EDTA which prevented it completely or almost completely because of its Fe-binding capacity.]
442. Westrom BR, Wang Q, Pantzar N, Jeppsson B, Karlsson B. Intestinal passage of 51-Cr-EDTA and ovalbumin in the rat with intra-abdominal sepsis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1995; 371B:887-889.
443. White HH. Diagnosis and
treatment of lead poisoning. World Neurology. 1960;
1:137-145. (2218) [The author discusses the title subject
on the basis of 29 references.
Diagnosis may be confirmed by the presence of an excess
of Pb in the blood and urine, but such quantitative
studies should be repeated frequently. Coproporphyrinuria
is also a reliable, rapid and simple method of
determination. Usually small amounts of Pb are found in
the tissue, the upper safe limit being 0.060-0.070 mg Pb/100
g whole blood, and 0.080 mg Pb/l urine. These values
cannot be accepted however, without taking the complete
clinical picture of the patient into account.
In describing the earlier treatments of Pb intoxication,
the author points out the ineffectiveness and toxicity of
BAL. CaEDTA as a chelating agent is recommended because
it is nontoxic and eliminates the Pb rapidly from the
organism via the urine. The average recommended daily
dosage for children is: 65-75 mg/kg body weight and for
adults 30 mg/kg weight. Administered intravenously (iv),
and given in fractions of the total amount, the dosage
should be dissolved in a 250-500 ml glucose or saline
solution. If given im or sc, it should be dissolved in a
20% solution with 0.5% procaine. This treatment should be
repeated if the Pb concentration remains at the toxic
level, or if important neurologic manifestations persist.
Orally, CaEDTA may be administered in cases of chronic Pb
poisoning to adults, however, not to children because of
its possible harmful effects. CaEDTA decreases the
morbidity of Pb intoxication in adults, but it is not
certain yet whether it may prevent the mental
deterioration which succeeds Pb encephalitis in children.
In a few cases of Pb encephalitis in children cerebral
decompression or an iv injection with urea may be
necessary in order to avoid brain compression. Early
diagnosis and early treatment for children are
necessary.]
444. Willoughby RPN, Harris KA, Carson MW, Martin CM, Troster M, DeRose G, Jamieson WG, and Potter RF. Intestinal mucosal permeability to 51-Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is increased after bilateral lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion in the rat. Surgery. 1996; 120:547-553.
445. Whittaker P, Vanderveen JE. Effect of EDTA on the bioavailability to rats of fortification iron used in Egyptian balady bread. British J Nutr. 1990; 63(3):587-595. (NA60) [The effectiveness of EDTA compounds on iron fortificants for potential use in Egyptian balady bread was tested in 60 Sprague-Dawley weanling male rats by the haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) method. To confirm HRE-derived findings, 8 groups of 10 rats were repleted with a modified American Institute of Nutrition (1977; AIN) 76A diet, fortified with ferric phosphate, electrolytic Fe, carbonyl Fe or ferrous sulphate, with and without ascorbic acid. Results without ascorbic acid were comparable to findings of a human study by Forbes et al. (Amer. J Clin. Nutr. 1989; 49:225.) Bioavailability of EDTA-enhanced fortificants, FeSO4 + NA2EDTA and NaFe(III)EDTA, was compared with that of FeSO4 in 6 groups of 10 rats repleted with a ground Egyptian bread meal or a casein-based AIN diet fortified with 1 of the 3 compounds. Addition of either EDTA compound significantly increased bioavailability of Fe in Egyptian balady bread. When present in the less inhibitory casein meal, however, FeSO4 + Na2EDTA fortification was significantly less effective than NaFe(III)EDTA or the reference FeSO4. Results indicate that NaFe(III)EDTA may be the fortificant of choice in a mixed diet. Further study of EDTA-enhanced Fe fortificants is needed.]
446. Wilson BB, Wortharm JS. (Allied Chemical Corp.) Urea-containing ruminant feed comprising inhibitors of urease enzymes. U.S. 3,644,642 (Cl. 424-319; A61k), 22 Feb 1972. 1969; Appl. 816,107, 3 pp. (CA76) [A combination of 10% hydroxamic acid and 0.1-10% EDTA in a urea-contg. ruminant feed inhibits urease enzymes in the rumen from converting the urea to NH3. Thus, a feed for cattle was prepd. from corn 14.6, corn silage 19.53, soybean oil meal 0.5, limestone 0.2, urea with 8% acetohydroxamic acid and 0.8% EDTA 0.1, and trace mineral salts 0.5%.]
447. Yip R. The challenge of controlling iron deficiency: sweet nets from Guatemala. Am. J Clin. Nutr. 1995; 61:1164-1165.
448. Wittgens H, Heider.
Inflammation of the optic nerves and lead poisoning.
Arztliche Dienst DB. 1958; 19:71-73. (1977) [A 57-yr-old
male had been employed by the National Railway Service
from 1942-1948 in the casting of bearings, working 35-38
hr/wk. In 1948, he was transferred to other work due to
optic disturbances. In 1946, he had had an injured right
cornea. Other entries in his medical history included Pb
Neuritis in Jan-Feb 1948 and inflammation of the optic
nerve June-Sept. 1948. According to the patient, he had
been supervised medically every 6 mo. Other complaints
had included gastric and intestinal catarrh, inflammation
of the gastric mucosa (1956) and flu (1956). In 1956, he
felt pressure on the stomach but no ulcer was found. This
pressure, constant and independent of meals, recurred at
the time of the visual disturbances. Patient stated he
smoked 3-4 cigarettes/day, did not drink and had had no
venereal disease.
The ophthalmologic and neurologic clinics of the
university gave the following information: Treatment in
1948 for edema of the papilla (right) and a moderate
partial post-neuritic papillary atrophy (left). At that
time, the physician considered the possibility of Pb
intoxication but no other signs of Pb intoxication (such
as toxic forms of erythrocytes) were found. There were no
signs of cerebral processes; encephalogram and spinal
fluid were normal. The cause of the optic disturbance was
assumed to be a nerve inflammation. No basis for a Pb
neuritis was found.
The ophthalmologist consulted in the case in 1956 (?)
found bilateral atrophy of the optic nerve as a result of
inflammation of the nerves in both eyes in May 1948. The
atrophy had caused a significant limitation of the visual
field and a moderate reduction in the visual acuity of
the right eye.
The etiology of the illness was not clarified. Pb
intoxication was ruled out as unlikely on the basis of
lack of circumstantial evidence.]
449. Woods WR, Smith KJ. Control of bloat in ruminants. U.S. 3,317,378 (Cl. 167-53), May 2, 1967. Appl. June 18, 1962; 3 pp. (CA67) [The administration of a chelating agent such as EDTA prevents bloat in ruminants by reducing free Mg and Ca ions in the rumen. The chelating agent should be given orally at least once every 24 hours. The dose depends on species and age of the animals.]
450. Wu CL. Zinc and manganese requirements of Tsai Ya ducklings and factors affecting requirements. Chung-hua Nung Hsueh Hui Pao. 1982; 119:75-85. (CA) [The Zn and Mn requirements for optimal growth, as detd. by regression anal. on body wt., were 52 and 39 ppm resp. The growth rate of the duckling was depressed with addn. of 22.9% sesame meal in the diet. The addn. of 0.1% EDTA in the diet contg. 22.9% sesame meal further depressed the growth. The growth was improved by supplementing with 50 ppm Zn in sesame meal diets. Apparently, the effect of sesame meal on the growth performance of tsai-ya ducklings was to decrease the availability of dietary Zn. The growth of tsai-ya ducklings was depressed by the addn. of 0.8% ca or 0.65% P in the basal diets as compared with ducklings fed on basal diets. The addn. of 40 ppm Mn in the diets improved the growth and feed efficiency of tsai-ya ducklings.]
451. Zahorski W, Myslak Z. Use of Ca-EDTA in the organized action against plumbism in industry. XII Internatl. Cong. Occup. Health, Helsinki, Finland. 1957; Vol. III, pp. 242-243. (1881) [As first tested on 60 cases of Pb poisoning, oral doses of 2-3 g EDTA/day in 0.25-g tablets given every 2 hr for a total dose of 20 g gave good results. Since a 2-g oral dose every other day produced an elimination of Pb that was similar or even greater than that obtained by a daily dose, fractions of a total dose of 20 g were subsequently administered every other day over a period of 12-14 days. Counts of stippled erythrocytes, urinary coproporphyrin (CP), and Pb, and blood Pb were used as diagnostic criteria. Having established that the CP elimination by nonexposed subjects given EDT does not exceed 1 mg/24 hr in the 1st 3 days, the mobilization test was used to confirm diagnosis of Pb poisoning. Based on these experiments, a prophylactic program for the nonferrous smelting industry was developed with the active participation of factory physicians. In industries with high exposure, Pb poisoning recurred 2-3 mo after return to work. A 2nd treatment allowed the workers to return to work for a number of months without further signs of Pb absorption. The authors conclude that a greater application and systematic and frequent examination would diminish the number of workers who would be forced to leave these industries.]
452. Zimmer FE. Lead poisoning in scrap-metal workers. J Amer. Med. Assoc. 1961; 175:238-240. (2356) [Seven scrap-metal workers age 30-54 yr, employed in the cutting of steel bridge parts covered with Pb-containing paint, showed moderate to severe signs of Pb poisoning within 1-5 wk. Clinical findings and blood values are tabulated; Pb excretion in urine ranged from 0.21-1.89 mg/24 hr. Intravenous and oral treatment with CaEDTA is discussed; oral administration of CaNa2EDTA is to be avoided when Pb salts may be present in the gastrointestinal tract.]
453. Zipkin I. Caries-potentiating effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 1953; 82:80-83. (CA47:4972f) [Addn. of 0.5% of the compd. to a cariogenic diet appeared to promote caries to a marked degree. Concomitantly, the hematocrit value was lowered, and almost complete inhibition of incisor pigmentation was observed. These effects of the compd. do not seem to be assocd. with its ability to decalcify rat molar teeth in vivo. Citrate and Calgon added to a cariogenic diet or to the drinking water did not significantly increase the severity of caries.]
454. Zipkin I, Larson RH. Caries potentiating effect of Na EDTA, Ca EDTA, and Mg EDTA in the rat. J Dent. Res. 1959; 38:1240.
455. Zipkin I. Further studies on in vivo decalcifying agents. Versene (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), various polycarboxylic acids and various polyphosphates at pH 6.5. J Dent. Res. 1951; 30:484.
456. Mochmann H, Zwierzchowski J, Hering L, Molenda J, Ocklitz HW, Bocianowski M, Austenat L, Walachowski W, Janas Z. The protective effect of an EDTA-sodium-extract-vaccine obtained from swine-pathogenic E. coli in a field trial. 1. Communication: Direct and indirect immunization of suckling piglets. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. A. 1980; 247;192-207. [Pentavalent EDTA-sodium-extract-vaccines and monovalent EDTA-sodium-extract-vaccines obtained from swine-pathogenic E. coli and produced in Berlin-Buch were used in field trials to test their antiepizootic effect in industrial pig-farms in the district of Wroclaw. The pentavalent vaccine contained extracts from E. coli 0138, 0139, 0141, 0147, and 0149, whereas extracts from 08, 0115 and 0149 were used as monovalent vaccines. The field trials were conducted as blind trials in closed stocks of pigs. We employed direct oral immunization of suckling piglets and indirect immunization via sow vaccination. Direct oral immunization was tested in 382 suckling piglets. 190 animals were vaccinated, 192 animals received placebo. Neither the pentavalent vaccine nor a monovalent vaccine obtained from an epizootie strain of this stock gave protection in terms of a decrease in the duration of disease or a reduction of morbidity and mortality. Direct oral-immunization of suckling piglets thus was ineffective. Indirect immunization of the suckling piglets via vaccination of sow was performed in 189 pregnant sows 18-15 days before farrowing. 84 sows received vaccines i.m., 105 were given placebo i.m. These sows farrowed 1717 pigs, 777 of which were immunized directly and 940 treated with placebos. With the pentavalent vaccine and with the monovalent vaccine obtained from an epizootic strain we achieved significant protection of the indirect vaccinated suckling piglets.]
457. Mochmann H, Zwierzchowski J, Hering L, Molenda J, Ocklitz HW, Bocianowski M, Austenat L, Walachowski W, Janas Z. The protective effect of an EDTA-sodium-extract-vaccine obtained from swine-pathogenic E. coli in a field trial. 2. Communication. Immunization of weanling piglets. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. A. 1980; 247:208-220. [Pentavalent EDTA-sodium-extract vaccines and monovalent EDTA-sodium-extract vaccines obtained from swine-pathogenic E. coli were used to test their antiepizootic effect in industrial pig farms, 2929 piglets after weaning were included in this field trial, 1309 were immunized partly orally, partly i.m., 1620 piglets received placebos accordingly. By means of oral immunization the pentavalent vaccine was capable of reducing the morbidity of the vaccinated animals significantly. Intramuscular immunization with the pentavalent vaccines produced significant differences in morbidity too. A monovalent vaccine obtained from E. coli 0149 and E. coli 08 was shown to be equally effective, whereas a monovalent vaccine obtained from E. coli 0115 was ineffective. But in this stock there were infections with 0149 but none with 0115 or 08.]
458. Mochmann H, Zwierzchowski J, Hering L, Molenda J, Ocklitz HW, Bocianowski M, Austenat L, Walachowski W, Janas Z. Preliminary results of an antiepizootic field test using EDTA-Na extract vaccine from Escherichia coli strains pathogenic to swine in swine production industrial units. Arch. Exp. Veterinarmed. 1979; 33:489-494. [An anti-epizootic field test was applied to industrialised pig farms in the region of Wroclaw, Poland, to test the effectiveness of a pentavalent EDTA (calcium disodium edetate)-sodium vaccine extracted from Escherichia coli strains with pathogenicity to swine. The vaccine had been received from a centre in Berlin-Buch, GDR. The vaccine failed to provide any protection, when orally applied to nursed piglets. However, both morbidity and mortality were reduced and, thus, an anti-epizootic effect on nursed piglets produced, when the vaccine had been injected intramuscularly to the pregnant mother animals, prior to farrowing. In weaned piglets morbidity was successfully reduced by both oral as well as intramuscular administration.]
459. Miyao N, Hayashi M. Strontium metabolism following strontium-calcium discrimination in domestic animals. V. Effects of various salts and whole-body cobalt-60 gamma irradiation on the strontium-calcium discrimination in the goat and fowl. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1961; 23:181-189. (CA56:14785i) [Studies on the excretion, absorption, and Sr-Ca discrimination were carried out with the goat and fowl which ingested various salts after oral doses of Sr90 and Ca4?; the fowl was subjected to whole-body g-irradiation from Co60 after oral or intravenous doses of the tracers. Ingestion of Na citrate increased Sr and Ca excretion, and the increase was greater for Sr than for Ca in the fowl and greater for Ca than for Sr in the goat. Oral administration of Na ethylenediaminetetraacetate to the fowl gave greater effect than Na citrate, while Na tartrate had less effect on the metabolism of Sr and Ca. Ingestion of MgSO4 by the goat and fowl after previous doses of Sr90 and Ca4? increased the Sr and Ca excretion (the former being greater) and decreased bone retention. Ingestion of primary Na phosphate by the fowl after oral Sr90 and Ca4? caused a greater effect on the urinary excretion and endogenous fecal excretion than MgSO4. Oral administration of Sr90 and Ca4? to the fowl after whole-body g-irradiation caused a decrease in retention of Sr90 greater than for Ca4? and lowered bone retention of Sr; there was a tendency to increase retention in case of intravenous doses of the tracers.]
460. Murillo A, Campos MS, Varela G. Factors affecting digestibility, absorption and retention of calcium. Effect of oxalate, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (disodium salt), nitrilotriacetic acid, lysine and protein quality. Revista Espanola de Fisiologia. 1972; 28(2):115-123. (NA43) [For 10 days adult rats were given a diet containing protein from groundnuts 12%, Ca 0.4% supplied by calcium carbonate as sole source, fat 4%, cellulose 8% and minerals, vitamins, sugar and wheat starch to 100%; the same diet but with cooked beef liver to supply the protein; the same as the first diet but with Ca supplied by calcium oxalate; as the first but with Ca supplied in a complex with EDTA-Na2. Other rats were given the first diet with 1.34% sodium oxalate for 3 days after which some were killed and the rest kept for 20 days on the same diet without or with 0.3% EDTA-Na2 or 0.3% nitrilotriacetic acid. Ca absorption fell from 32.6 to 4.4% when sodium oxalate was added to the diet. When EDTA-Na2 was added to the diet with oxalate Ca absorption rose to 16.5% but total body Ca fell. Ca digestibility was 58.3% when Ca was given as the carbonate and was 48.4% when given as a complex with EDTA-Na2. Nitrilotriacetic acid caused Ca balance to become negative and a net loss of Ca from bone. Ca digestibility was significantly higher, 58.3%, with groundnut protein than with protein of cooked liver, 35.3%. When 1% lysine was added to the diet with liver Ca digestibility improved.]
461. Morello MJ, Franz SL. EDTA supplementation of L-ascorbic acid-containing beverages for increased stability of color and clarity. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 1,121,868 (Cl. A23L2/68) 8 Aug 2001. US Appl. 495,768, 1 Feb 2000; 8 pp. (CA) [An aq. beverage soln. includes L-ascorbic acid and EDTA and is free of sufficient constituents which could mask color change due to oxidn. of the L-ascorbic acid. The color and/or turbidity of the beverage is stable. Thus, beverages may be supplemented with 25-50 ppm disodium EDTA and contain 0.5-125 ppm L-ascorbic acid.]
462. Morris AJ, Howden CW, Robertson C, Duncan A, Torley H, Sturrock RD, Russell RI. Increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis - primary lesion or drug effect? Gut. 1991; 32:147-1472.
463. Moustfa HH, Collins EB. Effects of selected food additives on growth of Pseudomonas fragi. J Dairy Sci. 1968; 52:335-340.
464. Muralidhara NK. Assessment of in vivo mutagenic potency of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in albino mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1991; 29(12):845-849. (CA) [EDTA disodium salt was studied for its potency to induce bone marrow micronuclei, dominant lethal mutations and sperm head abnormalities in albino mice. The acute oral LD50 dose computed by probit regression was 30 mg/kg in the strain used. Preliminary studies showed that oral administration of EDTA disodium salt at does of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg/day on 5 consecutive days did not induce any signs of toxicity. In the bone marrow micronucleus assay acute doses of EDTA disodium salt (5-20 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes at a 24-h sampling. However, administration at doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days did not produce any effect on either the testicular or epididymal wts. and histol. No alterations were obsd. in the caudal sperm counts at any of the sampling intervals and there was no increase in the incidence of sperm head abnormalities, treatment of male mice with EDTA disodium salt )10 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days) induced no increase in the post-implantation embryonic deaths.]
465. Naylor GJ. Treatment of pre-menstrual syndrome. U.S. US 4,414,212 (Cl. 424-247; A61K31/54) 08 Nov 1983. Appl. 354,065, 02 Mar 1982; 3 pp. (CA) [Pharmaceutical formulations comprising methylene blue (I) or its bioprecursors, ascorbic acid, glutathione, EDTA or their physicol. acceptable salts or esters are useful for the treatment and(or) prophylaxis of premenstrual syndrome. Tablets, capsules, suppositories, and pessaries contain 25-400 mg I/formulation and 200 mg to 1 g ascorbic acid, glutathione, and EDTA. Thus, premenstrual syndrome (including the wt. change) of a female patient virtually disappeared when she was treated with 150 mg I, twice daily, commencing on the 12th day of her menstrual cycle.]
466. Nielsen JB, Andersen O, Svendsen P. Chelators and cadmium toxicology after oral exposure. Plzen Lek Sborn. 1985; Suppl. 49:37-42.
467. Nigrovic V, Catsch A. The treatment of acute iron poisoning in animals. Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 1965; 251(2):225-232. (CA63:13918g) [FeSO4 soln. was administered orally to fasted male mice. Immediately thereafter, or within 30-60 min., the following compds. were administered orally or intraperitoneally: deferrioxamine B-methanesulfonate; EDTA; 2,2¢-bis[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]diethyl ether; diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diaminetetraacetic acid; 2-(b-aminoethoxy)cyclohexylaminetetraacetic acid; (2-biscarboxymethylamino)cyclohexylethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ethylenediaminebis(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid); and K or Na hexacyanoferrate. The effectiveness of these compds. in preventing death of the mice was evaluated. On early oral administration, the hexacyanoferrate had higher antidotal activity than the chelating compds. When given later, oral administration of all antidotes was ineffective, but intraperitoneal administration of the chelating compds. diminished the lethal effect. No marked differences were noted in the effectiveness of the various chelating agents. An optimum therapeutic effect in acute Fe poisoning in children can be obtained if Na hexacyanoferrate is given at once along with intravenous infusion of a chelating agent.]
468. O'Dell BL, Yohe JM, Savage JE.
Zinc availability in the chick as affected by phytate,
calcium and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Poultry Sci.
1964; 43:415-419. (NA34) [Groups of day-old cocks were
given for 4 weeks a synthetic diet based on glucose,
casein and gelatin with C 1.2, P 0.8% and from 12 to 71
p.p.m. Zn. Supplements to that diet, given singly or
together, were 1.2% Ca, 0.5 or 1.0% phytic acid or 55
p.p.m. Zn. Either amount of phytic acid significantly
depressed bodyweight if no Zn was added. Supplements of
Ca, with or without Zn, had no effect on weight. With
0.5% phytic acid and 55 p.p.m. Zn, Ca significantly
reduced growth. Analysis of variance showed no
significant interaction between Ca and phytic acid, a
small interaction between Ca and Zn and highly
significant interactions between Zn and phytic acid and
among all 3.
In other experiments 0.1% ethylenediamine tetraacetate
almost completely prevented the growth-depressing effect
of 0.5% phytic acid when the diet had 18 p.p.m. Zn. When
1.6% calcium phytate replaced phytic acid there was a
small but significant depression of growth; 0.8% had no
such effect.]
469. Oman H, Blomquist L, Henriksson AE.K., Johansson S.G.O. Comparison of polysucrose 15000, 15-Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 14-C-mannitol as markers of intestinal permeability in man. Scand. J Gastroenterol. 1995; 30:1172-1177.
470. Omah H, Henriksson AEK, Johansson SGO, Blomquist L. Detection of naproxen-induced intestinal permeability change may be facilitated by adding a standardized mea but not by forming marker ratios. Scand. J Gastroenterol. 1996; 31:1182-1188.
471. O'Morain CA, Abelow AC, Chervu LR, Fleischner GM, and Das, KM. Chromium 51-ethylenediaminetetraacetate test: a useful test in the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Lb. Clin. Med. 1986; 108:430-435.
472. Onning G, Wang Q, Westrom BR, Asp NG, Karlsson BW. Influence of oat saponins on intestinal permeability in vitro and in vivo in the rat. Brit. J Nutr. 1996; 76;141-151.
473. Orita J. Experimental studies on the effect of monocalcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate upon lead poisoning. Kokumin Eise. 1956; 25:22-55. (CA51:13185i) [Rats or rabbits with Pb poisoning were treated with mono-Ca di-Na ethylenediaminetetraacetate (I). Oral administration of I had a favorable effect on urinary excretion of Pb but sometimes caused diarrhea. No harmful effects were observed in continued and prolonged intraperitoneal treatment. I caused a marked increase of urinary excretion of Pb but had no influence on fecal excretion. It had little influence on the mobilization of Pb stored in bones. I accelerated the increase of the erythrocyte count and the hemoglobin level, and the decrease in basophilic, polychromic erythrocyte, and reticulocyte counts. These reversals are caused by a secondary action of I. Administration of I was followed by increased coproporphyrin excretion in urine. This increase did not coincide with the increase of the hemoglobin level which accompanied the increase of Pb excretion. The increase of coproporphyrin excretion was not accompanied by any clinical symptoms.]
474. Osani H, Motomura H, Makihata M. Continuous oral administration of calcium EDTA. Rodo Kagaku. 1964; 40(3):113-120. (CA63:16996e) [Mice were fed dry food and water contg. Ca EDTA and Cd(NO3)2 to study the toxicity of Ca EDTA and the effect of its oral administration on removing Cd from the liver and kidney. Administration of 4% Ca EDTA soln. caused dehydration, diarrhea, and wt. loss, and the mice died in a week; 2% Ca EDTA caused anemia and wt. loss, and the mice died after 50 days; with 1% Ca EDTA the mice survived >150 days and only slight anemia was observed. Nephrotoxic action was not noticed in oral administration. Tissue Cd was not removed by 1% Ca EDTA treatment, but the hematocrit was noticeably diminished in the treated mice.]
475. Owen AA, Peo Jr. ER, Cunningham PJ, Moser BD. Chelated trace minerals for G-F swine. J of Animal Sci. 1973; 37(1):95-103. (NA44) [Ninety-six crossbred castrated male pigs in 6 groups were given a diet of maize and soya bean meal, calculated to contain 14% crude protein and 20 mg Zn/kg, without added trace elements, with reagent grade trace elements or with EDTA salts of the trace elements providing 100, 75, 50 and 25% of the amount provided by the reagent grade supplements. This was Fe 55, Zn 50, Mn 25, Cu 5, I 1.5 and Co 0.5 mg/kg added to the diet. By analysis, Zn contents of the diets were 31.6, 57.2, 78.6, 65.7, 57.5 and 37.8 mg/kg and Cu contents were 5.8, 9.5, 11.2, 10.1, 9.3 and 6.1 mg/kg. Supplements had no effect on growth, feed intake or feed conversion. Blood samples were taken from all pigs on the 1st, 62nd and 92nd days of the trial. Final minus initial Zn in serum was -0.06, -0.08, +0.12, -0.08, -0.34 and -0.36 mg/ml on the 6 diet treatments, respectively. Zn in serum declined linearly with decreasing intake of chelating Zn. Corresponding changes in serum Cu were -0.04, +1.19, +0.76, -0.04, +0.38 and -0.15 mg/ml. At the start and the finish of the experiment samples of hair was ashed and analysed. Zn in hair did not differ significantly among groups. Final minus initial Cu in hair was -12.2, -22.2, -17.0, -39.0, -28.4 and -30.8 mg/g, respectively. AT the end of the experiment length and diameter of the right hind metatarsals were not affected by treatments but breaking strength declined linearly with decreasing chelated minerals, being 286.2, 249.2, 303.1, 239.1, 254.9 and 244.0 kg on the 6 treatments. Mean Zn in the bones was 159.8, 189.4, 179.8, 152.5, 142.2 and 164.8 mg/kg and mean Cu was 6.3, 6.0, 7.1, 6.1, 5.7 and 5.9 mg/kg. It was concluded that supplementary chelated minerals were as useful to the pig as free ones when given in the amounts required, but were less good than none on small intakes.]
476. Paruelle JL, Toullec R, Patureau-Mirand P, Mathieu CM. Utilisation of protein by fattening preruminant calves. 2. Utilisation of fish proteins and the effect of an iron-chelating agent. Annales de Zootechnie. 1974; 23(4):519-535. (NA46) [2. The fish protein concentration (FPC) studied was made by enzymic hydrolysis of white fish and had about 90% crude protein and Fe 80 mg/kg. In the first trial 3 calves from about 2 weeks old were given 73% of their protein intake from the concentrate, the rest coming from whey with a methionine supplement. While the frequency of diarrhoea was only 2% of study days, soft faeces occurred 74% of the time. Apparent digestibility of crude protein rose from 82% in the first week of the study to 89% in the next 2 weeks and remained at about 92% between 37 and 105 days of age. N retention was high. In the second trial 48 calves were reared in boxes from about 1 week of age to slaughter at 150 kg. After a week for adaptation they were divided into 5 groups; in one group all the protein came from skimmed milk, for the others the FPC formed 18 or 9% of the diet and supplied 68 or 34% of the protein. With each amount of fish protein one of the 2 groups had EDTA to complex the excess Fe provided by the FPC. All feeds were well accepted and the calves remained healthy. The feed with most fish protein gave significantly smaller weight gains than those with less or none. Feed used per kg gained rose with the amount of fish protein given. All the carcasses were satisfactory. The high proportion of fish protein without EDTA gave somewhat dark meat but the EDTA prevented that. It was concluded that with whey, FPC can provide satisfactorily about half the protein for veal calves without significant detriment to performance.]
477. Patrick H. Relation of hydrobiotite and complexing agents to mineral metabolism. Proc. W.Va. Acad. Sci. 1968; 40:77-80. (CA70) [Rats were fed a basal ration contg. glucose hydrate 68, casein 10, soybean protein 10, Wesson oil 4, vitamin mixt. 4, and mineral mixt. 4 g. Hydrobiotite flakes (10 g.), 0.5 g. EDTA, or 0.5 g. citric acid was given in place of an equal wt. of glucose hydrate for 5 days. The rats were then given a single dose of 45Ca and the 48-hr. urine and feces assayed for radioactivity. Hydrobiotite alone increased the fecal loss of 45Ca. In the presence of hydrobiotite together with EDTA or citric acid the fecal and urinary loss of 45Ca was greater than with EDTA or citric acid alone. Both EDTA and citric acid alone reduced fecal Ca loss, but increased its excretion through the kidneys. Similarly, rats were fed a diet of glucose hydrate 32, starch 30, Wesson oil 3, sesame meal 20, soybean protein 5, CaCO32, mineral mixt. 4, and vitamin mixt. 4 g. Hydrobiotite flakes 10, EDTA 1, or phytic acid 1 replaced part of the glucose hydrate. 65Zn was given after 5 days. Hydrobiotite alone did not affect Zn excretion, but in the presence of EDTA it increased urinary and decreased fecal Zn excretion. Hydrobiotite therefore caused greater absorption of 65Zn-EDTA chelate. Phytic acid had no effect.]
478. Pavlovskaya NA, Provotorov AV, Makeeva LG. Resorption of thorium from the gastrointestinal tract by the blood and its accumulation in organs and tissues of rats. Gig. Sanit. 1971; 36(5):47-50. (CA75) [Rats were given by mouth 250 mg Th/kg as ThO2, Th(NO3)?, and as the EDTA complex. The resultant skeletal concns. were 0.02, 0.08, and 1.2% of the administered doses. Concns. in the stomach and other tissues were smaller. If 3.5 X 10-6 Ci/kg of 22?ThCl4 in equil. with its daughters was administered the percentage of the administered dose present in the skeleton was 0.16% when the rat had been eating its normal diet, and 0.45% if it was not fed for 11-12 hr before and 6-8 hr after the expt. Daily doses of 0.1 mg Th/kg for 1 year led to an accumulation of 0.33% of the total amt. of Th consumed in the skeleton.]
479. Perry Jr. HM, Camel GH. Effects of calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate on plasma cholesterol and urinary Zn in man. Metal-Bind Med., Proc. Symposiu, Philadelphia 1959. 1960; 209-215. (CA54:18787i) [Parenteral dosage with disodium calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (I) reduced hypercholesteremia in human plasma. Renal studies on such subjects revealed increased zincuria following intravenous injection of I. Twelve women with more than 300 mg. cholesterol (II)/100 ml. plasma were studied. Five were hospitalized and received 13-22 g. intravenous I in 5-8 days. Each was diagnosed as having atherosclerosis with coronary arterial involvement. Before I was given the level of II varied from 312 to 466 mg./100 ml. plasma (mean 388 mg.). One patient was hypertensive with no treatment other than rest. Ages ranged from 42-63 years (mean 54). Five were outpatients and were given 42 g. each of I orally over a 21 week period. Of these, 4 were hypertensive without treatment. Ages ranged from 49-65 years (men 54). None was on diet. Only I was given. The last 2 received 800 and 1200 g. I orally over 1-3 years. After the careful collection of 4, 24-hour urine samples, each hospitalized patient received 1.0 g. intravenous I dild. with 500 ml. 5% aq. glucose over a 3-hr. period. On the subsequent 4-7 days, each patient received 3.0 g I in the same manner. Each day of dosage and for day 2 days thereafter, 24-hour urines were taken which included the 3-hour injection period and the remaining 21 hours. Urines were spectrographically examd. for Cr, Ti, Cd, Pb, Mn, Mo Ni, Ag, Sn, V, and Zn. Upon completion of all urine collections, II was detd. in the plasma of each fasting patient. Similarly, 2 24-hour urines were collected from the outpatients and then 1.0 g. of I was orally given 3 times/day. After the first and second weeks, the third and fourth 24-hour urines were collected and volume, Na, pH, protein, sugar, I anion, and Zn were detd., the last colorimetrically by diphenylthiocarbazone. Plasma was examd. in each case for II. In the hospitalized patients zincuria increased 10-fold, mainly within the 1st 24 hours after the first injection of I. Zincuria returned to normal in 48 hrs. Cd, Mn, Pb, and V excretion increased slightly while Mo, Sn, Ag, and Ni remained unchanged. The plasma level of II fell 100 mg. %, the max. decrease occurring after 3 days, and remained const. until 48 hrs. following the last dose of I. The outpatients absorbed from 2-14% of I. Zincuria quadrupled to 1,200 g/day after 1 week of dosage (0.01 meq. Zn/l. urine, as well as 0.3 meq. of I anion). Plasma II and lipoprotein fractions remained unchanged. Urinary vol. increased 40% and the concn. of urine Na remained unchanged. Proteinuria and glycosuria were not found. Renal function may be affected by oral doses of I as only 75% of the plasma II was recovered in the lipoprotein fractions.]
480. Podshibyakin AE, Kurilov NV. Effects of dietary protein coating on the nitrogen flow from the forestomach into the abomasum of sheep. Byull. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Fiziol. Biokhim. Pitan. S-kh. Zhivotn. 1983; 16(4):30-33. (CA) [Sheep given casein with formaldehyde (0.8% of casein) pectin (10% of casein), or EDTA (0.2% of casein) had a passage of 17.35, 14.88 and 11.18 g protein N/day into the abomasum (vs. 13.57 g for controls) and total microbial N of chymus represented 24.28, 28.86, and 27.72% of total N, resp., vs. 29.07% for controls. The recommended material for protein protection in the rumen is pectin.]
481. Peters HA. Chelation therapy in acute, chronic and mixed porphyria. In: Metal-Binding in Medicine by MJ Seven and LA Johnson, Ed. J.B. Lippincott Co., Phila. 1960; p.190-199.
482. Powell GW. Effects of dietary EDTA and cadmium on absorption, excretion, and retention of orally administered 65Zn in various tissues of zinc-deficient and normal goats and calves. Dissertation Absts. (B). 1967; 28:2203B. (NA38) [Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of 65Zn were etimated in zinc-deficient and normal calves and goats after single oral doses of 300 ppm ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) or 350 ppm cadmium. EDTA increased urinary excretion of 65Zn but had no effect on its faecal excretion or tissue distribution. Cd had little effect on urinary excretion of 65Zn but decreased its absorption and tissue concentration. Tissue concentrations of 65Zn, when expressed as percentages of the absorbed dose, were similar to Zn-deficient and normal animals except that livers of calves given Cd had more than those of the other animals. In general the effects of EDTA and of Cd in Zn-deficient animals were similar to those in the normal controls.]
483. Powell GW, Miller WJ, Blackmon DM. Effects of dietary EDTA and cadmium on absorption, excretion and retention of orally administered 65Zn in various tissues of zinc-deficient and normal goats and calves. J Nutr. 1967; 93:203-212. (NA38) [Eighteen male calves of mean weight 76 kg and 17 male goats of mean weight 15 kg were given a basal diet low in Zn, 4 ppm, with or without 40 ppm supplemental Zn until unsupplemented animals showed signs of deficiency. Thereafter, all received the unsupplemented diet with 300 ppm ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (EDTA), 350 ppm Cd or no additive. After 7 days 65Zn was given and excreta were collected; after 14 days more, tissue distribution of 65Zn was studied. Faecal excretion of 65Zn was increased by Cd, urinary excretion was increased by EDTA but Zn status of the animals was without effect on 65Zn excretion. Cd generally decreased tissue uptake of 65Zn but its effects were largely due to reduced absorption of the dose. Cd increased the retention of absorbed 65Zn by liver in calves but not in goats. EDTA and Zn status generally had no effect on tissue 65Zn distribution.]
484. Princiotto JV, Zapolski EJ, Bagley Jr. DH, Laskey A, Morgan R, Rubin M. Absorption of oral chelated iron. Biochem. Med. 1970 3:289-297.
485. Radnai I, Szabo V, Varhegyi J. Effectiveness of various manganese preparations (for cattle feeds). Magy. Allatory. Lapja. 1969; 24(9):501-502. (CA72) [The food of cows contained 300 mg Mn/day. This amt. was supplemented with a further 300 mg Mn. One group of cows received MnSO4, another Mn-EDTA, while a third group was given Mn in a premix with other micronutrients. A considerable increase of the Mn content in the hair of the premix group and a decrease of the serum Cu level of the Mn-EDTA group were found. The serum Zn level decreased more or less except in the MnSO4 group where it was considerably elevated.]
486. Rieders F. Current concepts in the therapy of lead poisoning. In: Metal-Binding in Medicine; Seven MJ and Johnson LA, ed., Lippincott, Phila. 1960; pp. 143-145. (2185) [In the author's experience, the administration of a single dose of 1 g CaNa2EDTA, given slowly iv, and followed by >1 mg Pb/24 hr urine confirms an excessive Pb burden, and together with clinical observation of abnormalities is valuable in the diagnosis of Pb poisoning. He emphasizes that acute Pb poisoning is a clinical syndrome and not a laboratory diagnosis. He has not yet encountered anyone who has not been exposed to excessive Pb with a 24-hr urinary Pb elimination >1 mg after EDTA; mostly it has been <0.5 mg. Maximum Pb elimination occurs within ~1-2-1/2 hr after EDTA. Therefore it could be an office procedure, by collecting urine for only a few hours. Next, he recommends in the therapy of the "silent," or chronic, phase and acute exacerbation a series of l infusion/wk for several weeks until a large series have been given. Finally, he warns against the oral administration of EDTA, for combination of Pb with it occurs in the intestine, where it is absorbed as the Pb chelate, to be excreted in the urine. Some of the chelate breaks down on the way to the urine, so that there is an increased Pb burden to the soft tissue. Although slight depletion in kidney Pb occurs, an increase of Pb in the liver and occasionally in the brain takes place, leading to a possible encephalopathy.]
487. Rieders F. Effect of oral Na2Ca ethylenediamine tetraacetate on urinary and fecal excretion of lead in rabbits. Fed. Proc. 13. 1954; Abstract No. 1303. (601) [Pb poisoning was caused in rabbits by 1 mg Pb/kg/dy given iv for 3 wk as 0.05% Pb acetate in physiologic saline. Subsequently, half of the poisoned animals and a group of nonpoisoned animals were force-fed 0.,25 g Na2CaEDTA/kg/day for 2 wk. During this 5-wk period, daily urinary and fecal Pb excretion was measured in these animals as well as in a group of animals which had received neither Pb nor Na2CaEDTA. At the end of this period all animals were killed. Erythrocytes, plasma, liver, kidney, brain, spleen, abdominal muscle, washed small intestine, flat bone of the skull and long bone of the hind limb were analyzed for Pb. In the rabbits which received Na2CaEDTA the excretion of Pb shifted markedly from the fecal to the urinary route during the 2 wk of treatment. However, the total amount of Pb which was excreted (urinary and fecal) and the amount of Pb which remained in the tissues did not differ significantly from the Pb values found for the corresponding group which was not treated with Na2CaEDTA.]
488. Rieders F. Effects of oral Na2Ca ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) on distribution of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb in rats. J Pharmacol. Exper. Therapy. 1955; 113:45. (643) [Five male and 5 female weanling Wistar rats were kept on a diet containing Na2CaEDTA, 0.2% in food and 0.1% in drinking water for 4 mo. The experimental animals developed no significant differences from controls during the 4 mo as to appearance, activity, weight gain, erythrocyte count or Hb values. No gross or histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin stain) was noted at autopsy. Use of Fe stain revealed slight hemosiderin deposits in lung and spleen in 2 of 5 control males and in 4 of 5 control females but none in any of the tissues of the experimental animals. Chemical analysis of exsanguinated organs showed the following mean Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb content in the experimental animals as compared to controls: (values are expressed in % of corresponding mean values of controls; they are given in the order Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb: if they are statistically not significantly different from the controls, they are marked (*)). Liver, males: 67, 131, 215, 200; females: 71, 75, 106*, 175. Kidney, males: 47, 72, 67, 81; females: 39, 76, 77, 131. Spleen, males: 42, 184, 217, 215; females: 83, 204, 139, 80. Heart, males: 39, 90*, 82, 72; females: 59, 138, 132, 133. Lung, males: 60, 127, 131, 150; females: 73, 148, 164, 132. Gut, males: 133, 159, 146, 109*; females: 95*, 95*, 455, 106*. Skeletal muscle, males: 25, 17, 27, 13; females: 29, 36, 50, 67. Brain, males: 160, 152, 71, 125; females: 80, 191, 100*, 90*. Bone, males: 50, 106*, 35, 75; females: 33, 80, 31, 63.]
489. Rieders F, Brieger H. Edathamil disodium calcium (Na2CaEDTA): Absorption by the oral route - interactions with metals in vivo - diagnostic and therapeutic use. Proc. 7th Annual Mtg. Amer. Acad. Occup. Med. 1955; pp. 83-84. (1607) [Orally administered CaNa2EDTA is apparently not absorbed as such. Its total effect is a transfer of metal from the intestinal to the urinary route of excretion without appreciable removal of metal from the tissues. Experimental evidence supporting this statement is presented. Increases of urinary Pb excretion by 1 parenteral administration of Na2CaEDTA are much greater in Pb poisoning than in other pathologic or normal conditions and hence are of diagnostic significance. In chronic occupational Pb poisoning, intravenous treatment with 1 infusion/wk mobilizes more Pb/infusion than if the drug is given daily. Clinical improvement under such intermittent therapy is as rapid and as lasting as under continuous therapy. The effect of this reagent on excretion of Fe, Cu, and Zn is discussed briefly.]
490. Rubin MI, Martell AE, Bersworth FC. The biological actions of the versenes. Versenes, Inc., Framingham, Mass. 1954, 84 pp.
491. Rubin M, Princiotto JV. Synthetic amino acid chelating agents and iron metabolism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1960; 88:450-459. (CA55:2903f) [Intravenous injections of Fe chelates of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), or N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (HOEDTA) into rabbits or rats (1.5-6.0 mg./kg.) gave urinary excretions of 70-92% of the dose. Intraperitoneal and intramuscular injections gave somewhat lower results (50-70%), while oral administration of the chelates had very little effect on the urinary excretion of Fe. A shift from hydrophilic to hydrophobic chelating agents resulted in increased biliary excretion of Fe. EDTA and HOEDTA chelates provided pos. hemoglobin responses in animals with Fe-deficiency anemia.]
492. Sanchez Sanchez ML, Arroyo Vicente M, Elias Arcalis A, Rubio Perez P. Comparative study of oral and intravenous tests using calcium-EDTA to measure lead deposits in the body. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1983; 169:241-244.
493. Ruiz R, Van Soest PJ, Van Amburgh ME, Fox DG, Robertson JB. Use of chromium mordanted neutral detergent residue as a predictor of fecal output to estimate intake in grazing high producing Holstein cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2001; 89(3-4):155-164. (CA) [Two expts. were conducted to evaluate the use of Cr-mordanted neutral detergent residue (Cr-NDR) and cobalt EDT (Co-EDTA) as predictors of dry matter intake (DMI) in high-producing grazing dairy cows. The first expt. was conducted with 10 lactating Holstein cows individually fed total mixed ration (TMR) in confinement and dosed with Cr-NDR and Co-EDTA twice daily at milking times for 12 days to validate the use of markers in the second expt. The Cr-NDR accounted for 96% variation (r2) in DMI, while Co-EDTA underpredicted DMI by 43% (r2=0.65). The second expt. was conducted on a pasture-based dairy farm to evaluate the use of Cr-NDR to predict DMI of grazing dairy cows; 15 and 14 high-producing dairy cows in trial 1 and 2, resp., were dosed twice day at milking times with Cr-NDR for 12 days. The mean total DMI estd. from marker recoveries were unrealistically high (5.95 and 5.52% body wt. in trials 1 and 2 resp.). Thus, either diurnal variation in fecal excretion of the marker or a failure in the technique of collecting pasture samples reflecting the cow true grazing selection to det. pasture compn. occurred.]
494. Sassi C, Finuli M, Nava C. Lead
intoxication in workers exposed to lead stearate. Med.
Lavoro. 1961; 52:658-667. (2329) [Out of 43 cases of Pb
intoxication investigated, 27 patients were engaged in
the production of Pb stearate and 16 in the manufacture
of plastic materials where Pb stearate is used. Their
chief symptoms were abdominal pain (in 40 patients) which
frequently took the form of true colics, anemia (in 32),
liver enlargement (in 16), gastric duodenitis (in 16).
Laboratory tests yielded the following average values: Pb
in blood, 120 mg%, Pb in urine, 305 mg/l, urinary
coproporphyrin, 60 mg%, protoporphyrin in erythrocytes,
253 mg%, stippled cells, 4100/million. A group of 56
workers, exposed to Pb stearate for an average of 6 mo in
a well ventilated area, was examined. Abdominal pains,
frequently accompanied by constipation, but without true
colics, were observed in 1/3 of the subjects, but there
were only 6 cases of anemia. Average values for urinary
Pb and coproporphyrin, Pb in blood, and stippled cells
were, respectively: 135 mg/l, 32 mg%, 105 mg%, and
1050/million. Prophylactic treatment with iv doses of 1 g
CaEDTA twice a day for 3 days in 32 subjects who showed
abnormal Pb absorption enabled all workers to continue
their work. Another group of 11 subjects engaged in the
production of Pb stearate for 2 mo in a poorly ventilated
area in which the atmospheric Pb concentration ranged
from 0.20-3.00 mg/m3 was also examined. In spite of
treatment with Ca versenate (2 g/day per os for 2 periods
of 10 days), almost all subjects complained of abdominal
disturbances, nausea, anorexia, 1 subject suffered from
typical colic, and 4 from mild toxic hepatitis. Tests for
Pb absorption showed elevated values after 15 days of
work.
It is concluded that in the course of chronic Pb
intoxication, caused by exposure to moderate amounts of
Pb stearate, the symptoms resemble those appearing in
inorganic Pb intoxication, while in cases of extensive
exposure to Pb stearate additional harmful effects occur
in the liver.]
495. Savicevic M, Ptrovic L, Stankovic M, Poleti D. Prophylactic oral administration of Mosatil in lead exposed workers. II. Administration of 1- and 3-g, Mosatil tablets per day. Zentralblatt Arbeitsmedizin Arbeitsschutz. 1959; 9:289-292. (2064) [Two groups of 8 Pb-exposed workers each were treated orally for 8 days with 1 and 3 mg Mosatil, respectively, while remaining at their regular work at an average atmospheric concentration of 0.637 mg Pb oxide/m3. Blood and urinary Pb levels, urinary coproporphyrin and stippled cells were determined every other day. The urinary Pb excretion in the 2 groups over 8 days amounted to 13.332 and 17.890 mg/l, respectively. These amounts are higher than those obtained in previous tests when the subjects were treated with the corresponding dosages in the hospital. However, the workers in the present test remained under the exposure of Pb while being treated which may account for part of the increased excretion. No untoward effects of the treatment were noted in any case. The authors emphasize, however, that clinical supervision during EDTA administration is required.]
496. Sawamura R, Fernandes MIM, Troncon LE de A. Alteracoe da permeabilidade intestinal em criancas. Arq. Gastroenterol. 1994; 31:30-38.
497. Sawamura R, Fernandes MIM, Troncon LE de A, Iazigi N. Aumento da permeabilidade intestinal ao 51Cr-EDTA em criancas com diarreia persistente. Arq. Gastroenteroo. 1997; 34:55-59.
498. Schardein JL, Sakowski R, Petrere J, Humphrey RR. Teratogenesis studies with EDTA and its salts in rats. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 1981; 61:423-428.
499. Savicevic M, Petrovic L, Stankovic M, Djordjevic S. Prophylactic oral administration of Ca2EDTA (Mosatil-Bayer) to workers exposed to lead. I. Administration of 2 g Ca2EDTA per day. Zentralblatt Arbeitsmedizin Arbeitsschutz. 1959; 9:180-185. (2063) [Nine men exposed to Pb were treated with 2 g Ca2EDTA/day for 40 days. Urinary and blood Pb, coproporphyrin, stippled erythrocytes and clinical symptoms were compared with those in 8 controls. The treated subjects excreted in the urine an average of 13,960 mg/l of Pb during the 1st 10 days, 13,560 mg/l during the 2nd 10 days and 9180 mg/l during the 3rd 10 days. By the end of the treatment an av 46,760 mg/l was excreted, whereas the untreated were required 158.5 days to excrete the same amount. The decrease of the coproporphyrin was ~3 times greater than in the control group, ie, 6070 mg/l and 16,320 mg/l respectively. The decrease in the number of stippled cells was greatest from the 10th-20th day of treatment. Authors conclude that oral administration of Ca2EDTA is useful in prophylaxis of chronic saturnism. Research is suggested whether smaller amounts of Ca2EDTA may not suffice. Furthermore, the balance of electrolytes should be tested.]
500. Schmidt P. Nutritional and hematological disturbances in rats after gastrectomy in rats. Kiserl. Orvostud. 1974; 26(6):655-664. (CA82) [Gastrectomy induced anemia in rats. I.m. administration of 1 mg vitamin B12 (I) and 5 mg imferon/week, for 8-23 weeks abolished the anemia. Similar effect was shown by the addn. of FeSO4 to the diet, but CuCl2, EDTA, histidine, fructose, and ascorbic acid, added to the diet, were ineffective. The gastrectomized rats showed decreased food intake and body wt., increased pancreatic wt., and reduced N and fat excretion. In parabiotic pairs, gastrectomy in one rat caused anemia in both animals.]
501. Schroeder HA, moderator. Discussion. In: Metal-Binding in Medicine by MJ Seven and LA Johnson, Ed., JB Lippincott Co., Phila. 1960; p. 154-159.
502. Schroeder HA. A practical method for the reduction of plasma cholesterol in man. Chron. Dis. 1956; 4:461-468.
503. Seeberg VP, Hidalgo J, Wilken W. Hemoglobin regeneration following oral administration of chelated iron. Science. 1954; 119-608-609.
504. Shibata S. Toxicological studies of EDTA salt (disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1956; 52:113-119. (CA51:9918b) [Chronic toxicity of EDTA was studied. The L.D.50 of EDTA in the rabbit was 47 mg./kg. intravenously and 2.3 g./kg. orally. The death was preceded by slight convulsion. Intravenously the velocity of injection had great influence on the toxicity; injection of the L.D.50 doses in 10 min. killed none of the test animals. Oral administration of daily 1 g. EDTA/kg. rabbit for 7 days killed all of the test animals. Intravenous injection of daily 10 and 20 mg./kg. EDTA in 5% soln. and oral administration of daily 500 mg./kg. for 1 month killed none of the rabbits; in no case the body wt. decreased nor the urinary contents of protein and urobilinogen changed. The above administrations of EDTA in rabbits caused no change in the no. of leucocytes, no. of erythrocytes, amt. of blood pigment, and distribution of leucocytes. Intravenous injection of daily 10 and 20 mg./kg. or oral administration of 500 mg. and 1 g./kg. EDTA for 1 month in rabbits caused considerable cellular deformations in liver, kidney, endocrine organs, heart muscle, digestive tracts, and brain, while 1 mg./kg. intravenously or 100 mg/kg orally caused slight increase of reticular cells in lymphatic glands and suprarenal glands.]
505. Shaw JH, Gupta OP. The relation of a chelating agent to smooth-surface lesions in the white rat. J Nutr. 1956; 60:311-322. (CA51:12323a) [The results suggest that the smooth surface lesions observed were more likely to be closely related or identical to smooth surface caries than to be the result of the simple process of decalcification of tooth substance by chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.]
506. Shapiro R. Chelates in contrast roentgenography. In: Metal-Binding in Medicine, by MJ Seven and LA Johnson, Ed., JB Lippincott Co., Phila. 1960; p. 249-254.
507. Semenov AI, Moskalev YI. Effect
of age and chelating agents on the absorption of
curium-244 from the gastrointestinal tract.
Radiobiologiya. 1975; 15(5):780-783. (CA) [When 1- or
4-month-old rats were orally given 244Cm chloride, the
label was poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract. Oral administration of DTPA, EDTA, Na citrate, or
DTPA + Na citrate 1 hr after administration of the
isotope increased the absorption and excretion of 244Cm.
The latter was detected in significant amts. in the
liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, and skeleton, compared
with controls not given the chelators. The label was also
detected in significant concns. in the urine. The rate of
244Cm absorption and excretion was greater in young than
in adult animals and was increased by the compds. in the
following order: DTPA + citrate > DTPA > citrate > EDTA.
These chelating agents should be used with caution when
the isotope has reached the stomach.]
Gordon Research Institute / Reference Material
Gordon Research
Institute Dr. Garry F. Gordon MD DO MD(H)
708 E. Hwy 260, Bldg C-1, Payson, AZ 85541
Phone: 928-472-4263 Fax: 928-474-3819
Email Dr.Gordon
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