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Toxic Metals Data

Life Flow One
The Solution For Heart Disease

by
Karl Loren

Toxic Lead

Results for your query on March 14, 1999:

Search all fields for: toxic lead

Published in 1966 through 1999

Only select references with abstracts available

Show references published in English only

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Documents: 1 to 100 of 1165

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Documents

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Assessment of toxic metal exposure following the Camelford water pollution incident: evidence of acute mobilization of lead into drinking water.

Author

Powell JJ; Greenfield SM; Thompson RP; Cargnello JA; Kendall MD; Landsberg JP; Watt F; Delves HT; House I

Address

Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Range Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.

Source

Analyst, 1995 Mar, 120:3, 793-8

Abstract

Following the incident of acidic pollution of water by aluminium sulfate centred around Camelford in July 1988, we have carried out a retrospective analysis of the mobilization of toxic metals to residents of the area. An advanced nuclear technique was used to measure trace levels of elements within hair, thus, avoiding surface contamination. In contrast to controls, lead, but no other toxic metals, was consistently found within sections of hair that dated to mid-1988 from four residents; they must, therefore, have consumed this metal around the time of the incident. The source of this lead was probably local water pipe residue, and this was found on analysis to have a matrix specific to such soft-water areas that, prior to the incident, had slowly accumulated certain toxic metals such as cadmium and uranium and particularly lead. Lead is mobilized from such residues by acidic water and could, therefore, have heavily contaminated mains water after the incident. However, analyses of residents' plasma and whole blood, and of urine following a lead-chelation test, showed no evidence of either long-term increased body burdens of toxic metals or depletion of essential elements. In addition, we found no evidence of continued poor water quality in the area. In conclusion, during a short period following the pollution, some residents who consumed mains water would have been acutely exposed to lead and other toxic metals. Prediction of the scale of metal exposure to individuals was not possible owing to heterogeneity of the water distribution network, but long-term effects to residents from lead are not anticipated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95259797

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Accidents|*; Environmental Exposure|*; Hair|*CH; Lead|AD/*AN/ME; Water Pollution|*

MeSH Heading

Absorption; Adult; Drinking; England; Female; Human; Lead Poisoning|DI; Male; Microscopy|MT; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Water Supply

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0003-2654

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The present status of biological effects of toxic metals in the environment: lead, cadmium, and manganese.

Author

Shukla GS; Singhal RL

Address

Source

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1984 Aug, 62:8, 1015-31

Abstract

The number of reports concerning the chemical toxicology of metals which are released in the environment by natural as well as anthropogenic sources, have been increasing constantly. Lead, cadmium, and manganese have found a variety of uses in industry, craft, and agriculture owing to their physical and chemical properties. The environmental burden of heavy metals has been rising substantially by smelter emission in air and waste sewage in water. Further, organic compounds of lead and manganese used as antiknock substances in gasoline are emitted into the atmosphere by automobile exhaustion. Such environmental contamination of air, water, soil, and food is a serious threat to all living kinds. Although these metals are known to produce their toxic effects on a variety of body systems, much emphasis has been placed on their effects on the nervous system owing to apparent association of relatively low or "subclinical" levels of metallic exposure with behavioral and psychological disorders. Clinical and animal data on environmental exposure show that while lead and manganese are most toxic to the nervous system, cadmium exerts profound adverse effects on kidney and the male reproductive system. It appears that the consequences of exposure to lead in adults are less severe than the types of exposure associated with hyperactivity in neonates. Except for a few reports, hyperactivity has indeed been observed in animals exposed to either of these three metals. Experimental work has also shown that these metals produce behavioral changes by altering the metabolism of brain neurotransmitters, especially catecholamines. Recently, it is hypothesized that these metals exert their toxic effect by damaging biological defences which exist in the body to serve as protective mechanisms against exogenous toxins. A voluminous publication list with diverse opinions on the biological effects of metals is available and there is an urgent need to compile assessment of the existing literature to identify the future theme of research work. The problem of metal toxicity becomes even more complex owing to simultaneous or successive exposure of the general population to different physical, chemical, biological, and psychological factors in the environment. The net toxic manifestations produced by multiple exposure should, therefore, be different from those produced by a single factor as the result of their additive, synergistic or antagonistic action. Even though a metal may not exist in sufficient amounts to cause any disability, the toxicity could result when a second factor is also present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

85024374

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*TO; Environmental Pollutants|*TO; Lead|*TO; Manganese|*TO

MeSH Heading

Aging; Animal; Behavior, Animal|DE; Brain Chemistry|DE; Cadmium Poisoning|PP; Human; Lead Poisoning|PP; Mice; Nervous System Diseases|CI; Neurotransmitters|ME; Rats; Species Specificity; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0008-4212

Country of Publication

CANADA

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Environmental Pollutants); 0 (Neurotransmitters); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7439-96-5 (Manganese); 7440-43-9 (Cadmium)

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lead neuropathy in adults and children.

Author

Feldman RG; Hayes MK; Younes R; Aldrich FD

Address

Source

Arch Neurol, 1977 Aug, 34:8, 481-8

Abstract

All parts of the nervous systems can be affected, depending on the level and duration of exposure, by increased levels of lead. The occurrence of motor neuron disease, peripheral neuropathy, and encephalopathy are not mutually exclusive disorders for those individuals suffering from the toxic effects of lead. We present data that support the concept that increased absorption of lead produces changes in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Clinical and electrical evidence of subclinical involvement of peripheral nerves appears to be common to adults and children who are exposed to lead. These observations, accumulated from several possible sources of environmental hazard, also suggest that measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity may serve as an additional factor in the diagnosis of otherwise unrecognized toxic effects of lead.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77241330

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*CO/DI; Nervous System Diseases|*ET

MeSH Heading

Adult; Anemia|ET; Basal Ganglia Diseases|ET; Case Report; Colic|ET; Dementia|ET; Electromyography; Female; Human; Lead|BL/UR; Male; Middle Age; Motor Neurons; Muscle Spasticity|ET; Neural Conduction; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0003-9942

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Tissue mineral levels in victims of sudden infant death syndrome II. Essential minerals: copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium.

Author

Erickson MM; Poklis A; Gantner GE; Dickinson AW; Hillman LS

Address

Source

Pediatr Res, 1983 Oct, 17:10, 784-7

Abstract

Deficiencies of various vitamin and minerals per se have been suggested as possible causes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Further, a deficiency of essential minerals may lead to enhanced toxicity of toxic elements, in particular, lead and cadmium to explore the possibility of mineral deficiencies or interactions with the toxic metals, lead and cadmium, lung, liver, kidney, and rib specimens were obtained at autopsy from 66 SIDS infants and 23 infants who died suddenly from other cases. Tissue copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No differences were found between SIDS and non-SIDS for any element in any tissue except for more magnesium in the liver (P less than 0.0001) and less copper in the lungs (P less than 0.02) in the SIDS group. Only sporadic interactions between toxic and essential elements could be found. We found no evidence of any essential mineral deficiencies per se or significant interactions of essential and toxic minerals that might potentiate the effects of toxic metals. The physiologic significance, if any, of the higher liver magnesium and lower lung copper found in SIDS is unclear.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84041208

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Calcium|*AN; Metals|*AN; Sudden Infant Death|*PP

MeSH Heading

Cadmium|AN; Comparative Study; Copper|AN; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney|AN; Lead|AN; Liver|AN; Lung|AN; Magnesium|AN; Ribs|AN; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Zinc|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0031-3998

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Metals); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7439-95-4 (Magnesium); 7440-43-9 (Cadmium); 7440-50-8 (Copper); 7440-66-6 (Zinc); 7440-70-2 (Calcium)

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The role of vitamin D in toxic metal absorption: a review.

Author

Moon J

Address

National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland Oregon 97216.

Source

J Am Coll Nutr, 1994 Dec, 13:6, 559-64

Abstract

Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption. Not so well known, however, is that vitamin D stimulates the co-absorption of other essential minerals like magnesium, iron, and zinc; toxic metals including lead, cadmium, aluminum, and cobalt; and radioactive isotopes such as strontium and cesium. Vitamin D may contribute to the pathologies induced by toxic metals by increasing their absorption and retention. Reciprocally, lead, cadmium, aluminum, and strontium interfere with normal vitamin D metabolism by blocking renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This is the first review of the role of the vitamin D endocrine system in metal toxicology.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95221746

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|ME/PD/*PK; Lead|ME/PD/*PK; Vitamin D|ME/*PH

MeSH Heading

Aluminum|ME/PD/PK; Body Burden; Human; Intestinal Absorption|PH; Strontium Radioisotopes|ME/PD/PK

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0731-5724

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Indian herbal remedies for diabetes as a cause of lead poisoning [see comments]

Author

Keen RW; Deacon AC; Delves HT; Moreton JA; Frost PG

Address

Central Middlesex Hospital, London, UK.

Source

Postgrad Med J, 1994 Feb, 70:820, 113-4

Abstract

Herbal remedies from the Indian subcontinent have been found to have high concentrations of heavy metals and unsupervised treatment may result in toxicity. We report the case of an Indian patient with hepatitis who was found to have lead poisoning where the source was traced to ethnic remedies he had been taking for diabetes.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94224707

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent|*TH; Lead Poisoning|*ET; Medicine, Traditional|*; Plants, Medicinal|*CH

MeSH Heading

Adult; Case Report; Hepatitis, Toxic|ET; Human; India; Lead|AN; Male

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0032-5473

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Exposure to toxic elements via breast milk.

Author

Oskarsson A; Palminger Hallén I; Sundberg J

Address

Toxicology Division, Swedish National Food Administration, Uppsala.

Source

Analyst, 1995 Mar, 120:3, 765-70

Abstract

Breast milk is the ideal nutrient for the newborn, but unfortunately also a route of excretion for some toxic substances. Very little attention has been paid to breast milk as a source of exposure to toxic elements. The dose-dependent excretion is breast milk and the uptake in the neonate of inorganic mercury, methylmercury and lead were studied in an experimental model for rats and mice. The transfer of mercury from plasma to milk was found to be higher in dams exposed to inorganic mercury than to methylmercury. In contrast, the uptake of mercury from milk was higher in the sucklings of dams exposed to methylmercury than to inorganic mercury. Pre- and postnatal exposure to methylmercury resulted in increased numbers and altered proportions of the thymocyte subpopulation and increased lymphocyte activities in the offspring of mice and also effects on the levels of noradrenaline and nerve growth factor in the developing brain of rats. Mercury in blood and breast milk in lactating women in Sweden was studied in relation to the exposure to mercury from, fish and amalgam. Low levels were found; the mean levels were 0.6 ng g-1 in milk and 2.3 ng g-1 in blood. There was a statistically significant correlation between mercury levels in blood and milk, showing that milk levels were approximately 30% of the levels in blood. Inorganic mercury exposure from amalgam was reflected in blood and milk mercury levels. Recent exposure to methylmercury from consumption of fish was reflected in mercury levels in the blood but not in milk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95259793

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|*AD/BL/PK; Mercury|*AD/BL/PK; Methylmercury Compounds|*AD/BL/PK; Milk|*/ME; Milk, Human|*/ME

MeSH Heading

Animal; Animals, Newborn; Female; Human; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Mice; Rats; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0003-2654

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Monitoring for precursors of health impairment from toxic agents.

Author

Pfitzer EA

Address

Source

Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1976 Jul, 6:4, 318-21

Abstract

It is essential that one be able to diagnose when disorders are caused by drugs and toxic agents. It is also essential that scientists strive toward the ultimate goal of preventing such disorders. To this end, it is necessary to evaluate laboratory procedures for their capability to detect changes which precede disorders of health impairment. To accomplish this, some knowledge of the relationship between the exposure to a chemical agent and the effect owing to that exposure is required. The complexities of the dose-effect relationship are discussed with regard to the estimation of exposure, the effect owing to the exposure and the population exposed to the chemical agent.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76276407

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Poisoning|*DI

MeSH Heading

Drug Therapy|AE; Heme|BI; Human; Lead|BL/PD; Lead Poisoning|DI; Pharmaceutical Preparations|AD

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0091-7370

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Occupational lead poisoning in the United States: clinical and biochemical findings related to blood lead levels.

Author

Baker EL Jr; Landrigan PJ; Barbour AG; Cox DH; Folland DS; Ligo RN; Throckmorton J

Address

Source

Br J Ind Med, 1979 Nov, 36:4, 314-22

Abstract

Dose-response relationships between blood lead levels and toxic effects have been evaluated in 160 lead workers in two smelters and a chemicals plant. Blood lead levels ranged from 0.77 to 13.51 mumol/litre (16-280 microgram/dl). Clinical evidence of toxic exposure was found in 70 workers (44%), including colic in 33, wrist or ankle extensor muscle weakness in 12, anaemia (Hgb less than 8.69 mumol/litre (Hb/4) or 14.0 gm/dl) in 27, elevated blood urea nitrogen (greater than or equal to 7.14 mmol/litre or 20 mg/dl) in 28, and possible encephalopathy in two. No toxicity was detected at blood lead levels below 1.93 mumol/litre (40 microgram/dl). However, 13% of workers with blood lead levels of 1.93 to 3.81 mumol/litre (40-79 microgram/dl) had extensor muscle weakness or gastrointestinal symptoms. Anaemia was found in 5% of workers with lead levels of 1.93-2.85 mumol/litre (40-59 microgram/dl), in 14% with levels of 2.90 to 3.81 mumol/litre (60-79 microgram/dl), and in 36% with levels greater than or equal to 3.86 mumol/litre (80 microgram/dl). Elevated blood urea nitrogen occurred in long-term lead workers. All but three workers with increased blood urea nitrogen had at least four years occupational lead exposure, and nine had received oral chelation; eight of this group had reduced creatinine clearance, and eight had decreased renal concentrating ability. These data support the establishment of a permissible biological limit for blood lead at a level between 1.93 and 2.90 mumol/litre (40-60 microgram/dl).

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

80065417

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/EP; Occupational Diseases|*CI/EP

MeSH Heading

Air Pollutants, Occupational|AN; Anemia|CI; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Chemical Industry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastrointestinal Diseases|CI; Human; Kidney Function Tests; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Metallurgy; Neuromuscular Diseases|CI; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0007-1072

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 10 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The new CDC and AAP lead poisoning prevention recommendations: consensus versus controversy.

Author

Schaffer SJ; Campbell JR

Address

Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York.

Source

Pediatr Ann, 1994 Nov, 23:11, 592-9

Abstract

A considerable body of evidence has surfaced over the past several decades indicating that low-level lead exposure has detrimental effects for young children. As neurocognitive deficits have increasingly been found to be associated with lead levels as low as 10 micrograms/dL, the CDC has progressively lowered the threshold lead level designated as elevated to the present level of 10 micrograms/dL. The CDC also has recommended universal screening of all children for lead. These recommendations have engendered much controversy. After independently reviewing the relevant literature, the AAP and the National Academy of Science concurred with the CDC's conclusions and recommendations. As additional prevalence information becomes available, a more targeted approach to screening based on local prevalence data eventually may replace universal screening. However, as long as lead is found everywhere in the environment, children will continue to develop lead poisoning and suffer from its adverse effects. The problem of lead poisoning can be summarized best by a quote from a report of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to Congress, "Lead is toxic wherever it is found, and it is found everywhere."

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95140510

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)|*; Lead Poisoning|BL/*PC; Pediatrics|*; Practice Guidelines|*; Societies, Medical|*

MeSH Heading

Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition Disorders|PC; Erythrocytes|CH; Human; Infant; Lead|AE/BL; Mass Screening|EC/MT; Nervous System Diseases|PC; Nutritional Status; Protoporphyrins|BL; Public Policy; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0090-4481

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Neurological syndromes produced by some toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally.

Author

Bahiga LM; Kotb NA; El Dessoukey EA

Address

Source

Z Ernahrungswiss, 1978 Jun, 17:2, 84-8

Abstract

Toxic metals encountered industrially or environmentally may produce the following syndromes: 1) Peripheral neuropathy: which is mainly sensory in arsenic and entirely motor with inorganic lead, organophosphorus compounds and tallium produce a mixed form of peripheral neuropathy. 2) Encephalopathy: usually with lead poisoning where ataxia and hemiplegia or optic atrophy may occur. 3) Optic neuritis: transient or permanent impairment of vision in arsenic poisoning and blurring of vision followed by field fedects with thallium poisoning. 4) Cerebellar disturbances: in the form of ataxia in organic mercury. 5) Parkinsonism: extrapyramidal signs occurs in manganese poisoning shown as mask face and rigidity of muscles. 6) Mental changes: as acute psychosis in organic lead and erethism in organic mercury.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

78252377

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Nervous System Diseases|*CI; Poisoning|*CO

MeSH Heading

Adult; Arsenic|PO; Brain Diseases|ET; Cerebellar Diseases|ET; Child; Environmental Exposure; Human; Lead Poisoning|CO; Manganese|PO; Mental Disorders|ET; Mercury Poisoning|CO; Occupational Diseases|CO; Optic Neuritis|ET; Organomercury Compounds|PO; Organophosphorus Compounds|PO; Parkinson Disease|ET; Tetraethyl Lead|PO; Thallium|PO

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0044-264X

Country of Publication

GERMANY, WEST

Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Metabolism and toxicity of cadmium, mercury, and lead in animals: a review.

Author

Neathery MW; Miller WJ

Address

Source

J Dairy Sci, 1975 Dec, 58:12, 1767-81

Abstract

Cadmium, mercury, and lead are toxic to humans and animals. Although cadmium and inorganic mercury toxicities occur in humans, they have not been observed in domestic livestock under practical conditions. In contrast, cattle, especially young calves, are extremely susceptible to lead toxicity. Apparently, cattle are more tolerant of cadmium than are other animal species. Due partially to higher absorption and longer retention times in the body, the alkyl mercuries, especially methyl mercury, are more toxic than inorganic mercury compounds. Inorganic forms of cadmium, mercury, and lead are poorly absorbed from the intestine. However, due to lack of effective homeostasis, after absorption retention time is long. Injected cadmium, mercury, and lead are metabolized differently from that naturally absorbed. Most cadmium and mercury are in kidney and liver (50 and 23% of total body in goats); but highest total load of methyl mercury is in muscle (72% in cows). With low to moderate body burden, most lead is retained in the skeleton. However, beyond a certain point, the kidney accumulates large quantities. Only minute amounts of cadmium and mercury are secreted into milk, but milk is only moderately well protected from dietary lead. Likewise, little cadmium and inorganic mercury pass the placental barrier whereas lead and methyl mercury pass more readily.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76095565

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*/ME/TO; Lead|*ME; Lead Poisoning|*ET; Mercury|*ME; Mercury Poisoning|*ET

MeSH Heading

Animal; Birds; Cattle; Chickens; Environmental Exposure; Female; Food Contamination; Goats; Human; Lactation; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Methylmercury Compounds|ME; Milk|ME; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Sheep; Species Specificity

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0022-0302

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 13 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Electromyographic changes in automechanics with increased heavy metal levels.

Author

Melgaard B; Clausen J; Rastogi SC

Address

Source

Acta Neurol Scand, 1976 Sep, 54:3, 227-40

Abstract

Twenty automechanics possessing increased whole blood values of one or more of the following heavy metals; chromium, copper, lead, manganese and nickel, were studied for peripheral nerve affection by means of electromyography (both sensoric and motoric nerve potentials were recorded). The heavy metal contents were related to the findings of denervation, distal motor latency, distal sensory latency, motoric and sensoric conduction velocities. Apart from two workers, in whom only lead was assayed, the remaining group of 18 were assayed for all heavy metals under study. Six workers showed increased distal motor and/or sensory latency and seven decreased nerve conduction velocity (four motoric and three sensoric affections). Of the workers with nerve affection, three showed increased levels of lead (nickel and chromium also raised). Four workers showed increased lead, nickel and chromium and one of lead, chromium and manganese. All in all, 10 out of 20 workers (50 percent) with elevated lead levels showed definite signs of peripheral neuropathy and seven out of 14 with raised nickel values showed these signs but they could all be accounted for by the increased lead levels. All except seven workers with raised lead levels in the whole group showed values above the critical limit of 80.0 mug/100 ml in whole blood. The data argue for the highly toxic effect of lead and other heavy metals on the peripheral nervous system and stress the diverse toxic exposure which automechanics undergo during their work. The possibility of there being a synergistic action between heavy metals and components of mineral oil and petroleum is discussed.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76274372

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|*/BL; Occupational Diseases|*CI; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases|*CI

MeSH Heading

Action Potentials; Adult; Aged; Chromium|BL; Copper|BL; Electromyography; Environmental Exposure; Erythrocytes|EN; Female; Human; Lead|BL; Levulinic Acids|UR; Male; Manganese|BL; Middle Age; Neural Conduction; Nickel|BL; Oils|AN; Oxidoreductases|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0001-6314

Country of Publication

DENMARK

Record 14 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Long-term monitoring and prevention of occupational lead exposure in a production plant.

Author

Jaremin B; G…ombiowski P; Winnicka A; Starnawska M; Widuch H

Address

Clinic of Occupational and Tropical Diseases, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia.

Source

Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia, 1995, 46:1-4, 31-42

Abstract

During 19 years of monitoring and prevention of occupational lead exposure in a production plant the authors studied lead emission sources and exposure intensity encountered in the work place, the indices of current and long-term lead exposure, and markers of toxic effects of lead in 132 persons examined together 935 times. Lead poisoning was confirmed in 20 persons, i.e. about 2 per cent of examinations, whereas in 12 per cent signs of enhanced lead absorption were found. Based on a complex simultaneous assessment of many parameters, appropriate prophylaxis and therapy were applied to lessen the toxic effects of lead exposure. It is pointed out that technical improvements are fundamental for limiting lead emission and absorption in the work place. As it has been demonstrated, the proper cooperation between the physician, the toxicological laboratory, occupational safety service and the plant administration effectively contribute to the limitation or even elimination of lead exposure, thus reducing the possible future health effects of long-term lead exposure.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96288582

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Air Pollutants, Occupational|*AN; Environmental Monitoring|*MT; Lead|*AN; Lead Poisoning|*PC; Occupational Diseases|*PC; Occupational Exposure|*PC

MeSH Heading

Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Human; Male; Metallurgy; Poland; Powders; Risk Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0324-8542

Country of Publication

POLAND

Record 15 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Application of pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry to biological and toxicological analyses for lead and cadmium.

Author

Herbeuval X; Maso JL; Baudot P; Hutin MF; Burnel D

Address

Source

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1975 May, 23:5, 379-86

Abstract

The development of polarographic techniques within the last thirty years has made possible exceptional increases in sensitivity ; thus the order of concentration studied has passed from 10-3 g ion/1. to 10-10 g ion/1. Pulse polarography with anodic stripping voltammetry is, therefore, particularly suitable for the determination of a large number of the so-called " biologically essential " and " highly toxic " metals, more often than not present in extremely low concentrations in biological samples which may be of limited volume (blood, for example). Our principal concern has been to describe and apply a method for the determination of lead and cadmium, sufficiently sensitive, precise, practical and rapid for everyday use by biologists and toxicologists. A fortiori this method is applicable in hydrology to the determination of traces of these metals in water.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76076765

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*AN/BL/PO/UR; Lead|*AN/BL/UR; Polarography|*MT

MeSH Heading

Cadmium Poisoning|DI; Electrolysis; Human; Lead Poisoning|DI; Microchemistry; Water|AN; Water Pollutants, Chemical|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0369-8114

Country of Publication

FRANCE

Record 16 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lead poisoning [see comments]

Author

Landrigan PJ; Todd AC

Address

Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029.

Source

West J Med, 1994 Aug, 161:2, 153-9

Abstract

Lead poisoning is the most common disease of environmental origin in the United States today. Adult lead poisoning results primarily from exposure by inhalation in the workplace. Pediatric lead poisoning results principally from the ingestion of lead from environmental media, including paint chips, dust, soil, drinking water, ceramics, and medications. Lead is toxic to many organ systems, among them developing erythrocytes, the kidneys, and the nervous system. Lead-induced toxicity to the central nervous system causes delayed development, diminished intelligence, and altered behavior. In young children, this effect has been demonstrated convincingly to occur at blood lead levels between 10 and 20 micrograms per dl. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended that a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per dl or higher be considered evidence of increased lead absorption, and the National Academy of Sciences has concurred in that recommendation. Unresolved issues in need of further study include the frequency of screening young children for lead, the question of whether women should be offered screening for lead before conceiving a pregnancy, the role of x-ray fluorescence analysis in assessing lead in bone, and the appropriate legislative response of the United States government to lead-based paint abatement.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95027943

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*/DI/EP/ET/ME/PC

MeSH Heading

Adult; Body Burden; Child; Environmental Monitoring|LJ/MT; Environmental Pollution|AE; Female; Human; Lead|ME/PK; Mass Screening; Preconception Care; Research; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0093-0415

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 17 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Chromosome studies in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to metal salts.

Author

Deknudt G; Deminatti M

Address

Source

Toxicology, 1978 May, 10:1, 67-75

Abstract

The toxic concentration of different heavy metal salts was determined in normal stimulated human lymphocyte cultures and was found to be 3 X 10(-3), 1 X 10(-2) and 5 X 10(-4) for zinc chloride, lead acetate and cadmium chloride respectively. Furthermore 3 subtoxic doses of each salt (2, 10 and 100 times less than the toxic dose) were added to 48- and 72-h cultures at 0 h and 24 h after initiation. Chromosome preparations were made and 100 well spread metaphases from each culture were analysed for the presence of numerical and structural aberrations. The most common aberration found for all tested metal salts was the occurrence of chromosome fragments. Dicentric chromosomes were only recorded in lymphocyte cultures treated with the lowest concentration of zinc chloride (3 X 10(-5) M) added at time 0, regardless whether the cultures were fixed after 48 or 72 h.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

78229519

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*PD; Chromosomes|*DE; Lead|*PD; Lymphocytes|DE/*UL; Zinc|*PD

MeSH Heading

Cells, Cultured; Chromosome Aberrations; Human; In Vitro; Mitosis|DE; Time Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0300-483X

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 18 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Relation between quantities of lead ingested and health effects of lead in humans.

Author

Mahaffey KR

Address

Source

Pediatrics, 1977 Mar, 59:3, 448-55

Abstract

Major metabolic effects of lead are briefly reviewed and available data on quantitative relationships between lead ingestion and development of toxicity in adults and children are discussed. Levels of lead ingestion producing clinical toxicity in adults are compared with normal levels of exposure. For children, comparison of levels of lead ingestion and quantities of lead producing toxic effects is not currently possible, as information on levels of lead producing clinical toxicity appears to be highly variable on the basis of the small amount of data available. However, recommendations on tolerable levels of lead exposure for childrne are proposed, based on estimates of lead exposure for children having normal and elevated body burdens of lead.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77124880

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*/CO/ME

MeSH Heading

Child, Preschool; Feces|AN; Heme|BI; Human; Infant; Kidney Diseases|ET; Lead|ME/TO; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Neurologic Manifestations

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0031-4005

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 19 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Is lead poisoning still a problem?

Author

Chisolm JJ Jr

Address

Source

Clin Chem, 1977 Feb, 23:2 PT. 1, 252-5

Abstract

Today, health professionals are concerned about whether asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic increases in lead absorption in preschool children is one of the important factors causing minimal brain dysfunction, which only becomes evident later during the school years. This concern arises, in part, because current screening data show that 5 to 10% of the children tested recently in the United States have a degree of increase in lead absorption sufficient to cause metabolic derangement in heme synthesis, but insufficient, with rare exception, to cause classical acute clinical symptoms of plumbism. These screening data are disturbing because similar increases in lead absorption in suckling (but not older) experimental animals have been shown in some studies to be followed by the delayed appearance of subtle deficits in learning ability and aberrations in behavior. Derangement of hemoglobin synthesis is the first adverse effect of increased lead absorption now detectable. Intervention on the basis of the first or critical effect of a toxic agent before more serious effects occur has advantages from the viewpoint of preventive medicine. Current CDC guidelines for prevention of childhood lead poisoning are based on this concept and recommend the use of micro-scale erythrocyte protoporphyrin tests in conjunction with micro blood lead tests for early detection of children with disturbed heme synthesis caused by lead.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77089837

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|BL/*ME; Lead Poisoning|*/CO/PP

MeSH Heading

Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Animal; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity|ET; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environment; Erythrocytes|ME; Human; Protoporphyrins|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0009-9147

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 20 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Tetramethyl lead absorption: a report of human exposure to a high level of tetramethyl lead.

Author

Gething J

Address

Source

Br J Ind Med, 1975 Nov, 32:4, 329-33

Abstract

Accidental human exposure to a high level of tetramethyl lead is described. Tetramethyl lead is blended with petrol as an antiknock agent, and it has similar physical properties to tetraethyl lead. The patient had high levels of lead in urine, averaging 4-75 mumol (983 mug) daily for the first four days after exposure and he continued to have raised levels of urinary lead for six months. He had no symptoms or physical signs of lead poisoning and comparisons are made between this case and previously reported cases of poisoning by tetraethyl lead. In the cases of tetraethyl lead poisoning all the patients had symptoms, some severe, yet in no instance did the urinary lead levels approach those described in this patient. The effects of chelation therapy with calcium disodium versenate are discussed and the results are similar to those found in tetraethyl lead poisoning. Blood lead levels of up to 3-91 mumol/l (81 mug/100 g) occurred but these levels were not raised commensurate with the urinary lead output. The levels of deltaaminolaevulinic acid (ALA) in the urine were not significantly raised and this report shows that the urinary lead levels give a better guide to the degree of absorption of tetramethyl lead compared with the blood lead or urinary ALA levels. The report illustrates that tetramethyl lead is less toxic to man than tetraethyl lead.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76062265

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Organometallic Compounds|*AA; Tetraethyl Lead|*AA/ME/PO/TO

MeSH Heading

Accidents, Occupational; Adult; Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Case Report; Chelating Agents|TU; Comparative Study; Edetic Acid|TU; Feces|AN; Human; Lead|AN/BL/UR; Lead Poisoning|DT; Male; Penicillamine|TU

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0007-1072

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 21 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Atomic absorption analysis of some trace metals of toxicological interest.

Author

Van Ormer DG

Address

Source

J Forensic Sci, 1975 Oct, 20:4, 595-623

Abstract

A selective and critical review, mainly from 1971 to 1974, of atomic absorption applied to the determination of eight toxic metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, arsenic, bismuth, beryllium, and boron) in blood, urine, and tissue is presented. Discussion involves both flame and flameless atomization, sample preparation, matrix modification, background correction, and contamination. Advantages of other atomic spectrometric techniques and use of recent confirmatory instrumental methods are included. Some normal and toxic levels are mentioned.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76026441

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|*AN; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption|*/IS/MT

MeSH Heading

Arsenic|AN; Beryllium|AN; Bismuth|AN; Boron|AN; Cadmium|AN; Comparative Study; Forensic Medicine; Human; Lead|AN; Mercury|AN; Organometallic Compounds|AN; Specimen Handling; Thallium|AN; Trace Elements|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0022-1198

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 22 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Neurofibrillary changes following childhood lead encephalopathy.

Author

Niklowitz WJ; Mandybur TI

Address

Source

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1975 Sep, 34:5, 445-55

Abstract

This report details the findings in a patient who survived severe lead encephalopathy at age 2 1/4 years, to die 42 years later in a state of severe mental deterioration. The brain revealed diffuse cortical atrophy, most severe in the temporal lobes, followed by hippocampi, amygdaloid nuclei and frontal cortex. Numerous pyramidal cells of the forebrain grisea contained Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. The remaining pyramidal cells of the hippocampi exhibited granulo-vacuolar degeneration. Many senile plaques were present predominantly in the atrophic temporal cortex. Electron microscopic examination revealed many 800 A twisted tubules in the tangles. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry disclosed a tenfold increase of lead in frontal and temporal cortices as compared to suitable controls. The possibility that toxic levels of lead in any form could result in the formation of Alzheimer's fibrillary tangles is discussed.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76026642

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Brain|*PA/UL; Lead Poisoning|ME/*PA; Neurofibrils|*UL

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aluminum|AN; Alzheimer Disease|PA; Amygdaloid Body|PA; Animal; Brain Chemistry; Case Report; Cerebellum|PA; Cerebral Cortex|PA; Hippocampus|PA; Human; Lead|AN; Male; Rabbits; Sclerosis; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-3069

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 23 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Age and sensitivity to lead toxicity: a review.

Author

McCabe EB

Address

Source

Environ Health Perspect, 1979 Apr, 29:, 29-33

Abstract

During the past 20 years considerable attention has been focused on the epidemiologic features of childhood lead poisoning in the United States. Large numbers of children with symptomatic intoxication, as well as those with incipient symptoms, were commonplace a decade ago for physicians working in inner-city hospitals. With the recent availability of improved screening techniques, as well as a variety of environmental control measures, the incidence of symptomatic lead poisoning in children has diminished significantly in recent years. With the focus shifting from children with dangerously elevated body lead burdens to those with less significant exposures, increased attention has been directed to the various inherent metabolic and physical characteristics of the young that may influence the toxic effects of lead exposure. A number of differences with respect to lead exposure, absorption and retention, and varying nutritional conditions between children and older individuals are discussed. Experimental studies dealing with age differences of lead-treated animals are examined, and relevant human studies are reviewed.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

80068793

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*EP/ME

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Digestive System|ME; Environmental Exposure; Female; Human; Lead|ME; New York; Nutrition; Pregnancy; Suburban Population; United States; Urban Population

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0091-6765

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 24 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Occupational lead intoxication: report of four cases.

Author

Grimsley EW; Adams Mount L

Address

Department of Internal Medicine Education, Memorial Medical Center, Savannah, Ga 31403-3089.

Source

South Med J, 1994 Jul, 87:7, 689-91

Abstract

We discuss the cases of four immigrant workers in whom lead intoxication developed via inhalation while they were cutting steel beams removed from a dismantled bridge. They all had toxic lead levels with symptoms and received chelation therapy; the therapy was followed by a decrease in blood lead levels. Rebound increases in their blood lead levels and return of the symptoms necessitated two additional chelation treatments. Prevention is certainly superior to treatment, and these cases underscore the importance of prevention of occupational lead exposure. These workers should have been provided with protective clothing to minimize the accumulation of lead on their skin and hair. This clothing should have been left at the work site to protect the members of the workers' households. They should also have been provided with respiratory protection by the strict use of respirators and by engineering controls. Physicians should be aware of the potential health problems related to lead intoxication.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94294855

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|DT/*ET/PC; Occupational Diseases|DT/*ET/PC

MeSH Heading

Adult; Case Report; Chelating Agents|AD; Human; Lead|BL; Male; Middle Age

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0038-4348

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 25 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lead in pet foods and processed organ meats. A human problem?

Author

Hankin L; Heichel GH; Botsford RA

Address

Source

JAMA, 1975 Feb, 231:5, 484-5

Abstract

The finding that canned pet foods contain considerable amounts of lead is important, since it had been alleged that some of these products are used for human consumption. The lead content of canned dog and cat food ranged from 0.9 to 7 ppm, and ingestion of 170 gm (6 oz) could provide up to 0.95 mg of this toxic element. The lead probably comes from organ meats used in the manufacture of pet foods. The lead content of liverwurst ranged from 1.6 to 7.6 ppm.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

75097952

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Animal Feed|*AN; Lead|*AN/ME

MeSH Heading

Age Factors; Animal; Cats; Dogs; Food Contamination; Food-Processing Industry; Human; Hyperkinesis|ET; Kidney|ME; Lead Poisoning|CO; Liver|ME; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0098-7484

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 26 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

History and background of protoporphyrin testing.

Author

Labbé RF

Address

Source

Clin Chem, 1977 Feb, 23:2 PT. 1, 256-9

Abstract

Lead intoxication was first associated with increased coproporphyrin excretion almost 100 years ago; but not until the 1930's were abnormalities in blood protoporphyrin detected. These later findings have been interpreted as an inhibition by lead of iron incorporation into protoporphyrin during heme synthesis. The testing and application of this hypothesis had to await three more decades of research during which prophyrin/heme biosynthesis was elucidated, control of the pathway was intensively studied, and methodology was greatly improved. The heme biosynthetic pathway is uniquely affected by lead at several sites. These toxic effects can be manifested as increased coproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinate excretion, decreased erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase activity, and increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration, all of which have been used and promoted as diagnostic tests for lead intoxication. Among these, the last appears to be becoming the test of choice. The historical background of this development is discussed from a biochemical viewpoint.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77089839

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*DI; Porphyrins|*AN; Protoporphyrins|*AN/BL

MeSH Heading

Erythrocytes|ME; Ferrochelatase|ME; Heme|BI; Human; Iron|ME; Lead|PD; Porphobilinogen Synthase|BL; Zinc|ME

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0009-9147

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 27 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Depressed excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol in lead-toxic children.

Author

Saenger P; Markowitz ME; Rosen JF

Address

Source

J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1984 Feb, 58:2, 363-7

Abstract

6 beta-Hydroxycortisol (6 beta OHF) is a highly polar metabolite of cortisol, probably formed in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes by cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal monoxygenases. Lead decreases the activity of cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal hydroxylases in vivo and in vitro. To examine possible inhibitory effects of lead on 6 beta OHF metabolism, urinary 6 beta OHF excretion was measured in 26 children with mild to moderate increases in blood lead concentrations. Children were divided into 2 groups on the basis of their response to the EDTA provocative test. This test was used to assess the size of chelatable and potentially toxic lead stores in such children. Children with elevated urinary lead excretion after an EDTA provocative test, i.e. elevated tissue lead stores, had markedly decreased urinary excretion of 6 beta OHF (178 +/- 15 micrograms/m2 X 24 h) compared to children who had negative tests (333 +/- 40 micrograms/m2 X 24 h; P less than 0.01); their urinary cortisol excretion was not different from that of age-matched controls. These findings suggest that lead, at relatively low concentrations, may interfere with hepatic microsomal formation of a cortisol metabolite.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84111936

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Hydrocortisone|*AA/UR; Lead Poisoning|DT/EN/*ME; Microsomes, Liver|*EN

MeSH Heading

Child; Child, Preschool; Cytochrome P-450|ME; Edetic Acid|DU; Female; Human; Lead|ME; Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0021-972X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

50-23-7 (Hydrocortisone); 53-35-0 (6 beta-hydroxycortisol); 60-00-4 (Edetic Acid); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 9035-51-2 (Cytochrome P-450)

Record 28 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Nutritional factors in relation to heavy metal toxicants.

Author

Levander OA

Address

Source

Fed Proc, 1977 Apr, 36:5, 1683-7

Abstract

An increased environmental exposure to various toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, or mercury seems to be a fact of 20th-century life. But relatively little attention has been paid to the possible implications of sucy exposure for the nutritional status of humans and animals. This review summarizes the information available concerning the effect of various nutritional factors in resistance to metal toxicants and the effect of heavy metal toxicity on nutritional status. In particular, the following questions are considered: 1) Are there any examples of heavy metal toxicity that are potentiated by a nutritional deficiency? 2) Is there any evidence that nutritional deficiency can be caused by heavy metal toxicity? 3) Is there any proof that heavy metal toxicity can be decreased by an excess intake of nutrients: 4) Is there any proof that heavy metal toxicity can be increased by an excess intake of nutrients? The discussion is focused primarily on studies with animal models but, wherever possible, implications for human health are pointed out.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77138686

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|PO/*TO; Nutrition|*

MeSH Heading

Animal; Ascorbic Acid|TU; Cadmium|ME; Cadmium Poisoning|CO/DH; Calcium|DF/PD; Copper|DF; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Human; Iron|DF/PD; Lead|ME; Lead Poisoning|CO; Mercury Poisoning|PC; Molecular Weight; Protein Deficiency|CO; Selenium|TU; Vitamin E Deficiency|CO; Zinc|ME/PD

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0014-9446

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 29 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Neuropathology of the hippocampus and its susceptibility to neurotoxic insult.

Author

Stoltenburg Didinger G

Address

Institute of Neuropathology, Free University, Klinikum Steglitz, Berlin.

Source

Neurotoxicology, 1994 Fal, 15:3, 445-50

Abstract

The hippocampal formation and its cholinergic input are an important neurobiological substrate for learning and memory processes. Since alterations in learning and memory are a common consequence of toxicant exposure it is possible that the hippocampus is an important target site for neurotoxicity. In fact, the hippocampus has been shown to be preferentially susceptible to a wide variety of toxic insults. For example, the hippocampus is damaged by environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, drugs of abuse such as alcohol and by cerebrovascular insufficiency finally resulting in hypoxia. The NMDA subtype of glutamatergic receptor plays a major role in learning and memory and in excitoxicity secondary to ischemia, hypoglycemia and trauma. The nature of the adverse effects of neurotoxins at this receptor site may be linked to the neurobiological characteristics that make this structure uniquely susceptible to toxic insult.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95157801

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Hippocampus|AH/*DE/PH

MeSH Heading

Animal; Ethanol|TO; Human; Lead|TO; Long-Term Potentiation; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0161-813X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 30 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The relationship of hyperactivity to moderately elevated lead levels.

Author

David OJ; Hoffman SP; Clark J; Grad G; Sverd J

Address

Source

Arch Environ Health, 1983 Nov-Dec, 38:6, 341-6

Abstract

Controversy exists with respect to whether moderately elevated lead levels are toxic in certain children with various central nervous system dysfunctions. One way of addressing this controversy is to remove the lead; if the condition is ameliorated a presumption of toxicity becomes reasonable. Such a strategy is reported herein. Children with an operationally defined central nervous system dysfunction (hyperactivity) and moderately elevated lead levels were treated with a lead chelating agent in a random allocation double blind treatment regimen. The finding of statistically significant and obvious behavioral improvement reported by three separate evaluators (i.e., parent, teacher, and treating physician) of the child suggests that the presumption of a toxic relationship between moderately elevated lead levels and hyperactivity is supported.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84126972

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Hyperkinesis|*BL/DT; Lead|*BL

MeSH Heading

Analysis of Variance; Child; Child Behavior|DE; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Female; Human; Male; Methylphenidate|TU; Penicillamine|TU; Socioeconomic Factors; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

ISSN

0003-9896

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

113-45-1 (Methylphenidate); 52-67-5 (Penicillamine); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 31 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Cytotoxicity of heavy metals in the human small intestinal epithelial cell line I-407: the role of glutathione.

Author

Keogh JP; Steffen B; Siegers CP

Address

Institute for Toxicology, Medical University of LÂubeck, Germany.

Source

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1994 Nov, 43:3, 351-9

Abstract

Cytotoxicities of metal salts were determined in the intestinal epithelial cell line I-407 in microwell culture plates over 48 h using the widely utilized and accepted neutral red uptake procedure. Rank order cytotoxicities induced by the metal salts (in terms of LC50 values) were found to be HgCl2 (32 microM) > CdCl2 (53 microM) > CuCl2 (156 microM) > T12SO4 (377 microM) > Pb(NO3)2 (1.99 mM). Combined administration of the two most toxic metals at their LC50's showed that their toxicities were not additive or synergistic. The role of glutathione in determining toxicity induced by the metal salts in these cells was assessed by inhibition of its synthesis. Buthionine sulfoximine pretreatment at 1 mM, which was not toxic to the cells, caused sustained reduction in cellular glutathione content (to 13.8% after 48 h) and increased toxicities induced by HgCl2 (5.7-fold) and CuCl2 (1.44-fold) as shown by reductions in the LC50 values. Toxicity induced by the other metals remained unaffected. Administration of glutathione with either HgCl2 or CdCl2 did not protect the cells against their toxicity, and in the case of cadmium its toxicity was exacerbated. N-Acetylcysteine diminished toxicity induced by mercury but not cadmium.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95055873

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Glutathione|*PH; Intestine, Small|CY/*DE; Metals|*TO

MeSH Heading

Cadmium|TO; Cell Line; Chlorides|TO; Copper|TO; Epithelium|CY/DE; Human; Lead|TO; Mercuric Chloride|TO; Neutral Red; Nitrates|TO; Thallium|TO

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0098-4108

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 32 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Azarcón por empacho--another cause of lead toxicity.

Author

Bose A; Vashistha K; O'Loughlin BJ

Address

Source

Pediatrics, 1983 Jul, 72:1, 106-8

Abstract

A new source of toxic lead ingestion has been identified roentgenologically in Mexican-American children and adults. Azarcón is an orange powder that contains 86% to 95% lead tetroxide (Pb3O4). At least three children have been treated with this substance by folk healers for relief of abdominal symptoms. Other Hispanic medical folklores may include this toxic "remedy."

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

83246220

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Hispanic Americans|*; Lead|*AD; Lead Poisoning|*ET/RA; Medicine, Traditional|*

MeSH Heading

Case Report; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases|TH; Human; Infant; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Mexico|EH

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0031-4005

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

1314-41-6 (lead tetroxide); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 33 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Engulfment and killing capabilities of neutrophils and phagocytic splenic function in persons occupationally exposed to lead.

Author

Queiroz ML; Costa FF; Bincoletto C; Perlingeiro RC; Dantas DC; Cardoso MP; Almeida M

Address

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Brazil.

Source

Int J Immunopharmacol, 1994 Mar, 16:3, 239-44

Abstract

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans and Candida pseudotropicalis by neutrophils as well as phagocytic splenic function from lead-exposed workers were studied. Two species of Candida were used since in individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency neutrophils are unable to kill C. albicans, whereas C. pseudotropicalis can be effectively lysed. Phagocytosis with both antigens and phagocytic splenic function were normal in all the workers studied. However, lytic activity towards C. albicans, but not C. pseudotropicalis was impaired. This defect was observed in lead-exposed workers with blood lead levels and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) concentrations in the "safe" (below 60 micrograms/dl and 6 mg/l, respectively) and toxic ranges. An impaired ability to kill C. albicans suggests that lead exposure may lead to a myeloperoxidase deficiency. With the exception of blood lead levels and ALA-U concentrations, there was no correlation between any of the other parameters examined.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94266529

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*IM/PP; Neutrophils|*DE; Occupational Exposure|*/AE; Phagocytosis|*/DE; Spleen|*DE

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Candida; Human; Lead|AE; Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0192-0561

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 34 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Immunoglobulin levels and cellular immune function in lead exposed workers.

Author

Queiroz ML; Perlingeiro RC; Bincoletto C; Almeida M; Cardoso MP; Dantas DC

Address

Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Brazil.

Source

Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 1994 Feb, 16:1, 115-28

Abstract

The immunological status of lead acid battery workers with blood lead levels and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) concentrations ranging from safe to toxic levels has been examined and compared with those of non-exposed, age and sex matched controls. No differences in the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM between the populations were observed and there existed no correlation between blood lead level or ALA-U concentrations and serum immunoglobulin levels. In addition assessment was made of the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to respond to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a correlate of T cell function. As before, there was no difference between exposed and control populations and no correlation between reactivity and blood lead concentration. Our data suggest that chronic exposure to lead fail to compromise lymphocyte function in man.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94222965

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Antibody Formation|*DE; Immunity, Cellular|*DE; Lead|BL/*PD; Occupational Exposure|*

MeSH Heading

Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Human; Immunoglobulins|BL; Lead Poisoning|IM; Lymphocyte Transformation|DE; Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0892-3973

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 35 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Kohl: a hazardous eyeliner.

Author

al Hazzaa SA; Krahn PM

Address

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA.

Source

Int Ophthalmol, 1995, 19:2, 83-8

Abstract

Kohl is a widely used traditional cosmetic. It is mainly worn around the eyes in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The elemental composition of twenty-one kohl specimens originating from various parts of Saudi Arabia, India and the Middle East was determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The data indicates the presence of significant lead levels in two thirds (14/21) of the kohl specimens ranging from 2.9-100% (mean 48.5%). Other less frequent elements present in kohl preparations include aluminum, carbon, iron, titanium, calcium, magnesium, oxygen, silver silicon, sulfur and antimony. Seven kohl specimens were totally lead-free, four had a lead content in the range of 2.9-34.1% and ten had lead levels in excess of 84%. Carbon levels in excess of 60% were detected in six kohl samples. Antimony was present in only one kohl specimen at a concentration of 7.8%. Five western made eyeliner pencils analyzed for comparative purposes consistently revealed iron as a common constituent (mean 46%) but no lead or carbon were detected in these specimens. The findings of this study indicate that modern kohl preparations contain a number of metals derived from natural sources in addition to carbon. The predominance of lead in the kohl preparations tested is of major concern due to the documented adverse effects in humans and the increased susceptibility of children to lead intoxication. Application of lead-containing kohl needs to be considered as a source of lead in evaluating patients with symptoms of lead intoxication in regions where this tradition prevails. The documented toxic effects of lead in humans and the increased sensitivity of children to lead exposure serve to emphasize potential health risks of using traditional lead containing kohl preparations and the need for increased surveillance and regulation of the manufacture of kohl.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96159574

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cosmetics|*AE/CH; Eyelids|*; Lead|*AE/AN; Sulfides|*AE/AN

MeSH Heading

Human; Infant; Lead Poisoning|ET; Saudi Arabia

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0165-5701

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 36 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The effect of lead exposure on target detection and memory scanning differs.

Author

Solliway BM; Schaffer A; Erez A; Mittelman N; Pratt H; Yannai S

Address

Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.

Source

J Neurol Sci, 1995 Dec, 134:1-2, 171-7

Abstract

Visual event-related potentials were measured in lead-exposed and control subjects, while they were performing a target detection as well as a memory scanning task. Blood lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) were determined in samples taken on the same day. Lead exposure did not affect the memory scanning P300 latency, but it did delay the target detection P300 latency in a dose-dependent fashion. The P300 amplitude of lead-exposed subjects was significantly reduced for both tasks, but not in a dose-dependent fashion. The target detection, but not the memory scanning, P300 latency correlated with urinary delta-ALA. No correlation of P300 with age was found, even though the subjects ranged from 20 to 60 years of age. The difference in the effect of lead exposure on the target detection and memory scanning P300 adds to the evidence that the P300 for the two tasks arises from different generators. The absence of a correlation of the measured P300 latency for each task with age in the present study raises the possibility that this extensively reported observation might, in part, be due to inappropriately matched younger and older subjects. This study indicates that evaluation of subjects exposed to toxic substances can increase our basic understanding of evoked potentials, as well as providing evidence of their toxic manifestations.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96341525

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*PX; Memory|*PH; Psychomotor Performance|*PH; Visual Perception|*PH

MeSH Heading

Analysis of Variance; Case-Control Studies; Comparative Study; Human; Male; Reaction Time|PH; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-510X

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 37 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Erythrocyte fluorescence and lead intoxication.

Author

Clark KG

Address

Source

Br J Ind Med, 1976 Aug, 33:3, 193-5

Abstract

Blood samples from people exposed to inorganic lead were examined by fluorescence microscopy for excess erythrocyte porphyrin. With continued lead absorption, fluorescent erythrocytes appeared in the circulation of workers handling this metal or its compounds, and they progressively increased in number and brilliance. These changes ensued if the blood lead concentration was maintained above 2-42 mumol/l (50 mug/100 ml), and preceded any material fall in the haemoglobin value. At one factory, 62-5% of 81 symptomless workers showed erythrocyte fluorescence attributable to the toxic effects of lead. Excess fluorocytes were found in blood samples from a child with pica and three of her eight siblings. These four were subsequently shown to have slightly increased blood lead concentrations (2-03 to 2-32 mumol/l). Fluorescence microscopy for excess erythrocyte porphyrin is a sensitive method for the detection of chronic lead intoxication. A relatively slight increase in the blood lead is associated with demonstrabel changes in erythrocyte porphyrin content. The procedure requires little blood, and may be performed upon stored samples collected for lead estimation. The results are not readily influenced by contamination, and provide good confirmatory evidence for the absorption of biochemically active lead.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77000238

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Erythrocytes|*AN; Lead Poisoning|*BL

MeSH Heading

Adult; Child; Female; Human; Lead|BL; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pica|BL; Porphyrins|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0007-1072

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 38 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Occupational lead exposure in Finland. VI. Final report.

Author

Tola S; Hernberg S; Vesanto R

Address

Source

Scand J Work Environ Health, 1976 JUN, 2:2, 115-27

Abstract

Between 1970 and 1973, 2,209 workers representing 30 different types of work were studied in Finland for lead exposure. The indicator of lead exposure was the blood lead concentrations (Pb-B) of the workers. The highest recommended value for Pb-B in Finland, 70 mug/100 ml of blood, was exceeded in the following types of work: PVC plastic manufacturing, storage tank manufacturing and repairing, machine shop work, treating metal surfaces, paint manufacturing, car radiator repairing, spray painting, machine shop work (railway), and storage battery repair. The types of work with the highest average exposure were lead scrap smelting (Pb-B median 79 mug/100 ml, range 35--118), storage battery manufacturing (Pb-B median 66 mug/100 ml, range 19--101), metal founding, (Pb-B median 53 mug/100 ml, range 6--108) shipbreaking (Pb-B median 49 mug/100 ml, range 26--106) crystal glass manufacturing (Pb-B median 41 mug/100 ml, range 12--82), car radiator repairing (Pb-B median 38 mug/100 ml, range 17--83), and PVC plastic manufacturing (Pb-B median 37 mug/100 ml, range 10--126). During the past 5 years cases of clincial lead poisoning have occurred in all of these types of work, and the patients received workmen's compensation. The usefulness of the national poisoning register in predicting the relative hazard of lead exposure in the types of work studied was evaluated with the aid of rank order correlation statistics. The analysis showed that the poisoning register is a useful indicator of lead exposure in the most exposed types of work. However, the present survey also revealed work in which the hazard had escaped recognition in this country: metal founding, car repairing, and car radiator repairing, for example. Although it seems possible to predict the most heavily exposed work types from national poisoning registers only, the detection of workers with less severe manifestations of toxic effects, or somtimes even poisoning, in other types of work first requires a systematic survey of all types of work with possible lead exposure, and then regular monitoring of all exposed workers.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76271048

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*EP; Occupational Diseases|*EP

MeSH Heading

Automobiles; Finland; Human; Lead|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Country of Publication

FINLAND

Record 39 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Airborne concentrations of toxic metals resulting from the use of low melting point lead alloys to construct radiotherapy shielding.

Author

McCullough EC; Senjem DH

Address

Source

Med Phys, 1981 Jan-Feb, 8:1, 111-4

Abstract

Determinations of airborne concentrations of lead, cadmium, bismuth, and tin were made above vessels containing a "fusible" lead alloy (158 degrees F melting point) commonly used for construction of radiotherapy blocks. Fume concentrations were determined by collection on a membrane filter and analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples were obtained for alloy temperatures of 200 degrees, 400 degrees, and 600 degrees F. In all instances, concentrations were much lower than the applicable occupational limits for continuous exposure. The results of this study indicate that the use of a vented hood as a means of reducing air concentrations of toxic metals above and near vessels containing low temperature melting point lead allows commonly used in construction of radiotherapy shields appears unjustifiable. However, proper handling procedures should be observed to avoid entry into the body via alternate pathways (e.g., ingestion or skin absorption). Transmission data of a non-cadmium containing lead alloy with a melting point of 203 degrees F was ascertained and is reported on.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

81148390

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Air Pollutants|*AN; Air Pollutants, Occupational|*AN; Lead|AE/*AN; Radiotherapy|*IS

MeSH Heading

Air|AN; Alloys; Heat; Human; Occupational Diseases|PC; Radiation Protection|ST

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0094-2405

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Air Pollutants, Occupational); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 40 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Individual susceptibility in occupational and environmental toxicology.

Author

Grandjean P

Address

Institute of Community Health, Odense University, Denmark.

Source

Toxicol Lett, 1995 May, 77:1-3, 105-8

Abstract

By prudent interpretation of toxicological and epidemiological evidence, susceptibility could become a very useful notion, both in a scientific sense and for prevention of adverse effects. Based on presumed aetiology, susceptibility can often be separated into genetic, constitutional, and environmental categories, although some overlapping between these groups will be apparent. Inherited factors seem to be involved in determining many toxic effects of environmental chemicals, including carcinogenic responses, although some of the evidence is equivocal. Among constitutional factors, sex, age and pregnancy are major determinants of individual susceptibility. An individual's resistance toward chemical toxicity may also be affected by other environmental exposures, including those associated with diet and lifestyle. The mechanisms involved are only partially known but are likely to include both toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic interactions. Three major types can be recognised: (1) factors that increase the concentration of the biologically active substance at the active site; (2) factors that augment the reaction of the chemical substance with target molecules in the body, thereby initiating the response; and (3) factors that promote the sequence of events between the initial reaction and the final manifestation of an adverse health effect. Specifically, a decrease in the body's reserve capacity may not be readily observable and may only reveal itself as a weakening of the defence mechanisms. The causes of hypersusceptibility and its effects on toxic responses are little known and deserve to be explored systematically.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95343386

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Environmental Pollutants|*AE; Occupational Exposure|*AE

MeSH Heading

Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Human; Lead|TO; Mercury|TO; Middle Age; Sex Factors; Species Specificity

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0378-4274

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 41 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead.

Author

Lancranjan I; Popescu HI; GAvanescu O; Klepsch I; Serbanescu M

Address

Source

Arch Environ Health, 1975 Aug, 30:8, 396-401

Abstract

The reproductive ability of 150 men occupationally exposed to lead were studied by clinical and toxicological analysis. Subjects were divided into four groups: lead-poisoned workmen (23) and those showing a moderate (42), slight (35), or physiologic absorption (50). Findings show that (1) Lead poisoning as well as moderate increased absorption of lead decrease the fertile ability of men. An increased frequency of asthenospermia, hypospermia, and teratospermia have objectified the decrease. (2) Slight increased or physiologic absorption of lead do not significantly influence the fertile ability of workmen. (3) Hypofertility induced by lead is due, perhaps, to its direct toxic effect on the gonads, as no interference with the hypothalamopituitary axis were evidenced.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

75223667

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|BL/*PD/UR; Reproduction|*DE

MeSH Heading

Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ejaculation|DE; Environmental Exposure; Human; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System|DE; Libido|DE; Male; Oligospermia|CI; Orgasm|DE; Penile Diseases|CI; Sex Behavior|DE; Smoking|CO; Spermatozoa|DE; Testis|DE

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0003-9896

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 42 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Leaded eye cosmetics: a cultural cause of elevated lead levels in children.

Author

Sprinkle RV

Address

Department of Family Practice, University of California-Davis School of Medicine 95616, USA.

Source

J Fam Pract, 1995 Apr, 40:4, 358-62

Abstract

BACKGROUND. Preventing lead exposure is of paramount importance because lead is significantly toxic at subclinical levels, and treating patients with elevated blood lead levels is difficult. Children were evaluated for lead exposure in California through a state-mandated lead screening program that was begun in November 1991. Imported eye cosmetics were identified as a suspected source of lead exposure for Pakistani and Indian children who used these products. METHODS. A retrospective chart review of children at a county hospital clinic was undertaken for the period beginning October 1991 and ending February 1994. Lead exposure questionnaires were filled out at clinic visits, and telephone interviews were conducted with parents or guardians of children from ethnic groups who use eye cosmetics. RESULTS. Lead level results were available for 175 children. The average lead level was 4.3 micrograms/dL (0.21 mumol/L) for Pakistani/Indian children not using eye cosmetics and 12.9 micrograms/dL (0.62 mumol/L) (P = .03) for those using the products. Chemical evaluation of some of the eye cosmetics used by these children revealed high lead content. CONCLUSIONS. Use of eye cosmetics imported from Pakistan was found to be strongly correlated with elevated blood lead levels. Although importation of leaded eye cosmetics is prohibited by law, legislation has not been effective in protecting children from this source of lead exposure. Education regarding low-level lead toxicity and avoidance of substances containing lead is needed, particularly for targeted subpopulations.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95213694

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cosmetics|*AE; Lead|*BL/TO; Lead Poisoning|EH/*ET

MeSH Heading

Child, Preschool; Eye; Hispanic Americans; Human; India|EH; Infant; Pakistan|EH; Retrospective Studies; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0094-3509

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 43 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Micro-scale blood lead determinations in screening: evaluation of factors affecting results.

Author

Marcus M; Hollander M; Lucas RE; Pfeiffer NC

Address

Source

Clin Chem, 1975 Apr, 21:4, 533-6

Abstract

The Delves micro-scale technique for blood lead analysis is an accurate method for screening capillary blood specimens, obtained by fingerstick, for lead intoxication. Results are affected by the age of cup, loop, and hollow-cathode tube and by the spatial relationship between optical tube and cup. Because the glass in many commercially available capillary tubes (used in specimen collection) contains lead and cannot be decontaminated, a lead-free glass tube must be used. A solution of citric acid in ethanol (20 g/liter) effectively cleanses the puncture site. A double-blind study of 207 specimens gave a mean value of 276.6 plus or minus 105.8 mug/liter (1SD) for the micro-scale method vs. 273.2 plus or minus 99.0 for a macro-scale method. The mean coefficent of variation for the micro-scale method was 5.75 percent plus or minus 1.9 (SD). We conclude that values of 480 mug/liter or below are not "toxic" (i.e., are significantly less than 600 mug/liter, the value at which therapy is begun). The method is shown to be satisfactory as a screening procedure and for confirming lead analyses done by other methods.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

75111445

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|*BL

MeSH Heading

Adult; Blood Specimen Collection; Child; Child, Preschool; Comparative Study; Evaluation Studies; Heparin; Human; Infant; Lead Poisoning|BL; Mass Screening; Methods; Microchemistry

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0009-9147

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 44 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

A multivariate statistical method for the establishment of maximum allowable exposure to toxic materials in the workplace.

Author

Goldstein RB; Silverberg JS; Martin HF

Address

Source

Am J Ind Med, 1984, 6:6, 459-73

Abstract

A model has been developed for setting standard limiting concentrations for toxic substances in the body fluid or tissues of industrial workers. The method is very flexible, and allows the use of either univariate or multivariate data, and of classification schemes which are either supervised, unsupervised, or partially supervised. An index of subclinical biological damage is derived which is used to determine an optimal limiting exposure level. The model is applied to the particular case of selecting a maximum allowable concentration of blood lead in workers in industrial settings where lead toxicity is a danger.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

85094283

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Environmental Exposure|*; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level|*

MeSH Heading

Analysis of Variance; Erythrocyte Indices; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins|AN; Human; Lead|BL/TO; Male; Middle Age; Protoporphyrins|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0271-3586

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Protoporphyrins); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 45 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Occupational disease profile in Taiwan, Republic of China.

Author

Liou SH

Address

School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center; Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Source

Ind Health, 1994, 32:3, 107-18

Abstract

Lack of knowledge of the exact contents of the materials and improper handling of the toxic chemicals lead to the occurrence of occupational illnesses in the developing countries. However, the incidence of occupational diseases was usually underestimated. This article presents the profile of occupational diseases in Taiwan from two sources, i.e. occupational disease benefit payments of labor insurance and the review of relevant literature. The primarily documented occupational diseases in Taiwan were pneumoconioses. The second most common occupational disease was carbon monoxide intoxication, followed by lead poisoning and noise-induced hearing loss. Less than five percent of occupational diseases were due to the other causes, including decompression syndrome, heat stroke, toxic hepatitis, neurological disorders and hematologic disorders. The number of occupational diseases recognized in Taiwan was considered to be seriously underestimated due to the shortage of occupational medical specialists. Priority in the development of occupational medicine in Taiwan is to educate industrial hygienists and physicians to recognize health hazards in the work environment and to diagnose occupational diseases. Recognition of occupational diseases could subsequently highlight the health hazards in the workplace and prevent workers from overexposure.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95213185

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*EP; Lung Diseases|*EP; Nervous System Diseases|*EP; Occupational Diseases|*EP

MeSH Heading

Human; Incidence; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Taiwan|EP

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW LITERATURE

ISSN

0019-8366

Country of Publication

JAPAN

Record 46 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Intracellular sites of toxic metals.

Author

Goyer RA

Address

Source

Neurotoxicology, 1983 Fall, 4:3, 147-56

Abstract

In summary, this brief overview of the cellular localization of toxic metals in renal tubular cells demonstrates a spectrum of mechanisms for the sequestration of the metals. Common features are affinity for a metal-binding protein, such as insoluble acidic nuclear proteins or the soluble, low-molecular weight metallothionein. Accumulation in lysosomes follows assimilation of metal containing protein by lysosomes or autophagocytosis of degenerating metal containing mitochondria. Currently available methods have not demonstrated the presence of metals in immune complex deposits in glomerular basement membrane and epithelial cells. The principal methods employed for the localization of metals within cells have been X-ray microanalysis of thin preparation of tissue, or direct analysis of subcellular fractions by atomic absorption spectroscopy or detection of radioactive metal.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84094188

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|*ME; Subcellular Fractions|*ME

MeSH Heading

Cadmium|ME; Cell Nucleus|ME; Chelating Agents|TU; Gold|ME; Human; Inclusion Bodies|DE; Lead|BL/ME; Lead Poisoning|PA; Metallothionein|ME; Methylmercury Compounds|ME

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0161-813X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Chelating Agents); 0 (Metals); 0 (Methylmercury Compounds); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7440-43-9 (Cadmium); 7440-57-5 (Gold); 9038-94-2 (Metallothionein)

Record 47 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The role of heavy metals in human health.

Author

Pier SM

Address

Source

Tex Rep Biol Med, 1975, 33:1, 85-106

Abstract

The article reviews the role of heavy metals in human health, including those which are biochemically essential as well as those which have no known role in the normal functioning of the organism but which are toxic. The metals discussed are: cobalt, copper, manganese, cadmium, lead, and mercury. Several are also of concern from the point of view of environmental contamination. The article describes the biochemical role for those metals that are essential, mechanisms of intoxication, intake routes and quantities, and environmental significance.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

76055666

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|*/ME/TO

MeSH Heading

Cadmium|PO/TO; Cadmium Poisoning; Cobalt|PH/TO; Copper|PH/TO; Environmental Pollution; Erythropoiesis; Human; Lead|TO; Lead Poisoning; Manganese|PH; Mercury|TO; Mercury Poisoning; Proteins|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0040-4675

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 48 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The role of the community health nurse in environmental health.

Author

Neufer L

Address

Community Health Branch, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.

Source

Public Health Nurs, 1994 Jun, 11:3, 155-62

Abstract

Chemical contamination in the environment is affecting public health in increasing numbers of communities across the country. Although historically and theoretically well within the realm of nursing, methods for assessing and diagnosing threats to community environmental health are not being included in community health nurses' training. A community's environmental health is assessed by retrieving information from federal, state, and local sources. Developing the diagnosis involves four steps: identifying a community aggregate at highest risk of exposure, determining the potential or actual health response, citing related host and environmental factors, and correlating any existing epidemiologic data that may substantiate the nursing diagnosis. To illustrate these concepts, a systematic environmental health assessment was conducted for Douglas, Arizona. The results indicated elevated lead levels in residential soils and led to the community diagnosis, potential for injury: children in Douglas are at risk of developing adverse neurobehavioral health effects, and pregnant women in Douglas are at risk of developing adverse reproductive health effects related to several environmental and host factors, as evidenced by average blood lead level, in children exceeding the Centers for Disease Control recommended level of 10 micrograms/dl.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97054175

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Community Health Nursing|*; Environmental Health|*/LJ

MeSH Heading

Arizona|EP; Child; Environmental Pollution; Female; Human; Lead Poisoning|DI/EP; Pregnancy; Public Health; Risk Factors; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0737-1209

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 49 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Increased lead absorption in children of workers in a lead storage battery plant.

Author

Watson WN; Witherell LE; Giguere GC

Address

Source

J Occup Med, 1978 Nov, 20:11, 759-61

Abstract

Exposure to toxic materials originating in the workplace has been recognized in families of workers in several industries. However, to date this problem has not been studied in the storage battery production industry. Twenty-seven one- to six-year-old children of 22 workers at a storage battery plant at high risk of exposure to lead oxide were compared with 32 one- to six-year-old children in 22 neighborhood control families for evidence of increased lead absorption. Workers' children had significantly higher blood lead (p less than 0.001) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (p less than 0.003) values than control children. Household exposures to lead in paint and water were similar for the two groups, but workers' homes had significantly higher concentrations of lead in dust (p less than 0.001). It is postulated that lead is brought home on the skin, hair and clothing of the workers and that their children are ingesting or inhaling the lead in household dust. This is the first report of increased lead absorption in children of workers in this industry.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

79049876

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|AN/*BL; Occupational Medicine|*

MeSH Heading

Absorption; Child; Child, Preschool; Dust|AN; Erythrocytes|ME; Human; Infant; Paint|AN; Protoporphyrins|BL; Water Pollutants, Chemical|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0096-1736

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 50 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Beverages as a source of toxic trace element intake.

Author

Pedersen GA; Mortensen GK; Larsen EH

Address

National Food Agency of Denmark, Central Laboratory, S‡borg.

Source

Food Addit Contam, 1994 May, 11:3, 351-63

Abstract

Beverages of different kinds have been investigated for their content of lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, arsenic and mercury. About a ten times higher lead concentration was found in wine than in most other beverages. Cocoa was high in cadmium and nickel and some vegetable juices contained high levels of nickel. The daily intake of trace elements from beverages was estimated. Wine was still the most significant source of lead even if the bottles did not have lead capsules. By consumption of half a bottle per day the daily intake of lead would be doubled and it would contribute 12% of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake. Cocoa is an important source of cadmium and nickel, and consumption of tea as well as vegetable juices could increase the nickel intake significantly. The data are compared to Danish maximum limits on lead and cadmium.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95010930

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Beverages|*AN; Food Contamination|*AN; Trace Elements|AD/*AN

MeSH Heading

Cadmium|AD/AN; Human; Lead|AD/AN; Nickel|AD/AN; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0265-203X

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 51 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

delta-Aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase as an index of lead toxicity. Time for a reappraisal?

Author

Chalevelakis G; Bouronikou H; Yalouris AG; Economopoulos T; Athanaselis S; Raptis S

Address

Second Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Greece.

Source

Eur J Clin Invest, 1995 Jan, 25:1, 53-8

Abstract

delta-Aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity is traditionally accepted as the most sensitive measurable biological index of lead toxicity. We have measured delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and blood lead concentration in 47 healthy controls (A), 42 iron deficient patients (B) and 38 occupationally exposed to lead subjects (C). Blood lead levels [mean (SD)] did not differ between groups A and B [0.51 (0.21) and 0.43 (0.19) mumol L-1, respectively] while those of group C [2.28 (0.56) mumol L-1 were significantly higher (P < 0.001) as compared to the controls. delta-Aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity [mean (SD)] was significantly increased [3599 (1909) mumol L-1 h-1] in group B and decreased in group C [1052 (532) mumol L-1 h-1] as compared to the controls [2034 (446) mumol L-1 h-1] (P < 0.001). There was a significantly negative correlation of logarithm of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase with lead in both groups B (P < 0.05) and C (P < 0.001) but not in group A (P = 0.1). delta-Aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity had a high specificity (100%) but a low sensitivity (37%) as an index of toxic lead exposure. According to our data the value of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase measurement in the diagnosis of lead intoxication is doubtful in cases with low blood lead levels, while in the presence of iron deficiency its reliability is further reduced, since low blood lead levels may be falsely predicted. delta-Aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity should be restricted only to monitoring cases with moderate or severe lead poisoning.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95220404

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*EN; Porphobilinogen Synthase|*BL

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency|BL; Case-Control Studies; Female; Human; Lead|BL; Male; Middle Age; Occupational Diseases|BL; Predictive Value of Tests

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0014-2972

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 52 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Measurements of environmental lead contamination and human exposure.

Author

Flegal AR; Smith DR

Address

WIGS, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA.

Source

Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 1995, 143:, 1-45

Abstract

The importance of accurate measurements of environmental lead exposure and toxicity is substantiated by analyses documenting the global contamination of the biosphere with industrial lead and the pervasiveness of measurable lead toxicity in human populations. Those data demonstrating environmental lead contamination and toxicity have, in part, led to regulations that limit the amount of lead in some products (e.g., paint, solder, and gasolines) in many industrialized countries. These regulations have resulted in a substantial reduction in some lead discharges to the environment. In spite of these reductions, current environmental lead levels are still often more than 10-fold, and sometimes more than 10,000-fold, higher than natural levels. Further, environmental lead concentrations are expected to remain elevated for a protracted period due to continued emissions of relatively large amounts of industrial lead to the environment and the persistence of contaminant lead in the environment. Discharges of contaminant lead have resulted in increases in organism and human lead levels comparable to increases documented in environmental matrices, as indicated by a recent estimate of the natural level of lead in blood of preindustrial humans (0.016 microgram/dL or 0.8 nM). This estimate is 175-fold lower than average blood lead levels in the United States (2.8 micrograms/dL or 140 nM) and 600-fold lower than the recently (1991) revised Centers for Disease Control (CDC) action level of concern for early toxic effects in children (10 micrograms/dL or 480 nM). The significance of these comparisons to public health is corroborated by numerous studies suggesting that there may be no lower threshold for sublethal toxicity in contemporary (i.e., lead-contaminated) humans. Those data also indicate that environmental lead concentrations that were previously considered innocuous may be deleterious to human health. It is apparent that the extent of sublethal lead toxicity in humans may be best addressed by studies that consider control populations possessing natural (i.e., preindustrial) lead burdens, as well as state-of-the-art, trace-metal-clean techniques and advanced instrumentation. Trace-metal-clean techniques are required to prevent the inadvertent lead contamination of samples, which has plagued many previous analyses of environmental and human lead levels. Advanced instrumentation is required to provide the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision that are needed to quantify the sublethal effects of lead concentrations at environmental levels of exposure. Fortunately, methodologies utilizing these advancements are now capable of addressing many of the important issues (e.g., lead biomolecular speciation, low exposure effects) in environmental and human lead toxicology.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96118714

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Environmental Pollutants|*/BL/TO; Lead|*/BL/TO; Occupational Diseases|*CI; Toxicology|*MT

MeSH Heading

Human

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0179-5953

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 53 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Cytotoxicity and accumulation of Hg, Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in human peripheral T and B lymphocytes and monocytes in vitro.

Author

Steffensen IL; Mesna OJ; Andruchow E; Namork E; Hylland K; Andersen RA

Address

Department of Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.

Source

Gen Pharmacol, 1994 Dec, 25:8, 1621-33

Abstract

1. The cytotoxic effects of various heavy metals were assayed by trypan blue exclusion in vitro in human peripheral immune cells separated to high purity. T and B lymphocytes and monocytes were equally sensitive to metals. The individual metals could be ranked in the following decreasing order of cytotoxic potency, Hg approximately Ag > Cd approximately Cu > Pb approximately Zn, based on exposure time and concentration needed to give a particular percentage of dead cells. 2. The cytotoxic effects became irreversible after about 13 hr of metal exposure. 3. Examination by scanning electron microscopy showed that the heavy metals caused serious destruction of the cell membranes. 4. Solubility and uptake of metals into the cells were studied and discussed in relation to the cytotoxic effects. It was concluded that metal binding to cell surfaces or precipitate formation could inhibit ordinary uptake, thereby affecting cytotoxicity. For Pb in monocytes this appeared to lead to uptake of non-toxic complexes, probably by phagocytosis.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95237554

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MeSH Heading (Major)

B-Lymphocytes|*ME; Metals|*PK/*TO; Monocytes|*ME; T-Lymphocytes|*ME

MeSH Heading

Adult; Analysis of Variance; Cadmium|PK/TO; Copper|PK/TO; Female; Human; In Vitro; Lead|PK/TO; Male; Mercury|PK/TO; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Silver|PK/TO; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Zinc|PK/TO

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0306-3623

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 54 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Evaluating the use of occupational standards for controlling toxic air pollutants.

Author

Rowan CA; Connolly WM; Brown HS

Address

Source

J Environ Sci Health [B], 1984 Oct, 19:7, 611-48

Abstract

Currently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established air standards for relatively few chemicals. As a result, state agencies are faced with controlling air contaminants for a large number of chemicals posing potential public health threats. Use of occupational standards as a basis for deriving ambient air guidelines is a method used by states to control air toxics. This standard development approach is reviewed by considering the differences in the health basis and numerical values which often occur among the occupational standards set by OSHA, NIOSH and ACGIH. This study indicated that careful selection should be made of the most appropriate occupational standard to use to protect public health. A comparison is made of chemicals regulated by various state air toxic programs using occupational standards lowered by a safety factor to concentrations established by the U.S. EPA. It was found that the air guidelines vary, but the degree of stringency can be comparable.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

85056005

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Air Pollutants, Occupational|*TO; Air Pollution|*PC

MeSH Heading

Benzene|TO; Human; Lead|TO; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Polychlorinated Biphenyls|TO; United States; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Vinyl Chloride|TO

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0360-1234

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Air Pollutants, Occupational); 0 (Polychlorinated Biphenyls); 71-43-2 (Benzene); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 75-01-4 (Vinyl Chloride)

Record 55 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Nutrient-toxicant interactions: susceptible populations.

Author

Mahaffey KR; Vanderveen JE

Address

Source

Environ Health Perspect, 1979 Apr, 29:, 81-7

Abstract

Nutritional status can substantially modify the toxicity of environmental pollutants. Investigations with experimental animals and epidemiological observations on humans have established the role of nutrition in altering susceptibility to a variety of pollutants including pesticides and heavy metals. The degree of nutritional deficiency that alters susceptibility need not be severe. Frequently only biochemical indications of nutritional deficiency can be associated with changes in the dose-response of an animal or person to a toxic compound.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

80068803

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Environmental Pollutants|*TO; Nutrition|*

MeSH Heading

Adult; Age Factors; Animal; Calcium|DF/ME/UR; Child; Diet; Health Surveys; Heptachlor|PD; Human; Infant; Lead Poisoning|ME/UR; Lethal Dose 50; Rats; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0091-6765

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 56 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Concentrations of cadmium, lead, selenium, and zinc in human blood and seminal plasma.

Author

Xu B; Chia SE; Ong CN

Address

Department of Occupational Epidemiology, Jiangsu Institute of Occupational Medicine, Nanjing, China.

Source

Biol Trace Elem Res, 1994 Jan, 40:1, 49-57

Abstract

The concentrations of cadmium, lead, selenium, and zinc in blood and seminal plasma were determined in 76 Singapore males. Except for zinc, the concentrations were generally higher in blood than in seminal plasma (cadmium, 1.31 micrograms/L vs 0.61 micrograms/L; lead, 82.6 micrograms/L vs 12.4 micrograms/L, and selenium, 163.6 micrograms/L vs 71.5 micrograms/L). The mean concentration of zinc in seminal plasma was more than 30 times higher than in blood (202 mg/L vs 6.2 mg/L). Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations in blood and seminal plasma for the two essential trace elements: selenium (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) and zinc (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). However, no relationships were found between the concentrations in blood and seminal plasma for two toxic metals (cadmium and lead). Significant inverse correlations were observed between Cd and Zn (r = -0.40, p < 0.01), and Pb and Se (r = -0.32, p < 0.05) in blood, whereas significant positive correlations were noted between Cd and Se (r = 0.45, p < 0.01), Cd and Zn (r = 0.35, p < 0.05), and Se and Zn (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) in seminal plasma. The physiological significance of these relationships are also discussed in this paper.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94198106

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*AN/BL; Lead|*AN/BL; Selenium|*AN/BL; Semen|*CH; Zinc|*AN/BL

MeSH Heading

Adult; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Human; Male; Middle Age; Singapore; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0163-4984

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 57 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Blood lead levels of British competitive cyclists.

Author

Atkinson G; Maclaren D; Taylor C

Address

Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.

Source

Ergonomics, 1994 Jan, 37:1, 43-8

Abstract

This study examined the extent to which the potentially toxic lead particulates emitted from motor vehicles are absorbed by competitive cyclists. A time trial (n = 5), a road race (n = 5), and a sedentary control group (n = 5) were examined with respect to blood lead (PbB) levels. In the two cycling groups, the PbB levels were measured before and after (1) a time trial (80 km) held on a dual carriageway; and (2) a road race (120 km) which took place in a rural area. Mean (+/- SE) resting PbB levels for the sedentary subjects, time trialists, and road racers were 0.442 +/- 0.041, 0.490 +/- 0.111 and 0.384 +/- 0.061 mumol l-1 respectively (p > 0.05). Mean post-race PbB levels of the time trialists (0.528 +/- 0.046 mumol l-1) and road racers (0.346 +/- 0.024 mumol l-1) did not differ significantly from the pre-race levels (p > 0.05). However, after their respective races, the mean PbB level of the time trialists was higher than that of the road racers (p < 0.05). Ninety minutes of cycling (70% VO2 max) in a laboratory containing approximately 1 microgram m3 of airborne lead did not affect blood lead levels. All PbB levels compiled with EC regulations regarding lead exposure. Despite a positive relationship between the amount of training and the PbB levels (r = 0.64, p < 0.05), competitive cyclists did not evidence abnormal levels of lead absorption. Time trialing on dual carriageways was associated with higher PbB levels than road racing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94155828

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Air Pollutants, Environmental|*PK; Bicycling|*PH; Competitive Behavior|*PH; Exertion|*PH; Lead|*PK; Vehicle Emissions|*AN

MeSH Heading

Adult; Human; Human Engineering; Male; Middle Age; Physical Education and Training

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0014-0139

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 58 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Metals in spinal cord tissue of patients dying of motor neuron disease.

Author

Kurlander HM; Patten BM

Address

Source

Ann Neurol, 1979 Jul, 6:1, 21-4

Abstract

To evaluate the role of toxic metals in causing motor neuron disease (MND), we used a photon-excited, energy-dispersive x-ray analytical system to measure the metal content of spinal ventral horn tissue. Specimens were taken from the cervical and lumbar enlargements of 7 patients who died of MND and the results compared with those found in 12 control patients. Anterior horn lead levels were elevated in MND patients compared to controls (mean, 40.7 micrograms/gm versus 14.6 micrograms/gm; p less than 0.05) and lead levels correlated with the duration of illness (r = +0.84, p less than 0.05). Only 2 MND patients had detectable manganese levels (72.3 and 132.2 micrograms/gm) whereas 1 control had detectable manganese (14.3 micrograms/gm). One MND patient had 244 micrograms/gm selenium, but 3 controls had levels of 180, 58, and 62. Patients with the histories of greatest environmental exposure to metals during life exhibited the highest tissue levels of metals after death; despite chelation therapy for about a year, high lead levels remained in their tissue.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

80063646

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|*AN; Motor Neurons|*AN; Neuromuscular Diseases|*ME; Spinal Cord|*AN

MeSH Heading

Aged; Female; Human; Lead|AN; Male; Manganese|AN; Middle Age

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 59 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Cord blood levels of potentially neurotoxic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, lead and cadmium) in the areas of Prague (Czech Republic) and Katowice (Poland). Comparison with reference values in The Netherlands. The Czech/Polish/Dutch/German Research Team.

Author

Janousek V; Krijt J; Malbohan M; Cibula D; Lukas W; Zejda JE; Lammers W; Huisman M; Boersma ER; van der Paauw CG; et al

Address

Department of Pathological Physiology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

Source

Cent Eur J Public Health, 1994 Dec, 2:2, 73-6

Abstract

In a preliminary study the levels of four non-planar polychlorinated biphenyls congeners (118, 138, 153 and 180), and of the toxic metals lead and cadmium, and their antagonist selenium and zinc were measured in cord blood from apparently healthy neonates from the region of Prague and Upper Silezia (Katowice). These "background" levels were compared with similar values from neonates in the Netherlands. It was found that the levels of three PCB congeners (138, 153 and 180) were significantly higher in the Prague samples than in the Netherlands; but in the Katowice group they were significantly lower. In Upper Silezia (Katowice) the values of the metals lead and cadmium, and in Prague those of cadmium and selenium were significantly higher than in the Netherlands. The importance of these findings is discussed. It is argued that neurotoxic effects of perinatal exposure can be expected to be more prominent in Central Europe than in Western European countries. A more thorough study is indicated and will be undertaken by a joint Czech/Polish/Dutch/German research group.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95211090

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Environmental Pollutants|*BL; Fetal Blood|*CH

MeSH Heading

Cadmium|BL; Chromatography, Gas; Comparative Study; Czechoslovakia; Human; Infant, Newborn; Lead|BL; Netherlands; Poland; Polychlorinated Biphenyls|BL; Reference Values; Selenium|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0022-1732

Country of Publication

CZECH REPUBLIC

Record 60 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Urinary excretion of tubular brush-border antigens among lead exposed workers.

Author

Chia KS; Mutti A; Alinovi R; Jeyaratnam J; Tan C; Ong CN; Lee E

Address

Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore.

Source

Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1994 Sep, 23:5, 655-9

Abstract

The brush-border of the human renal proximal tubule is extremely sensitive to toxic, ischaemic and inflammatory insults. A monoclonal antibody to a brush-border antigen (BB-50) had been shown to identify increased urinary excretion of BB-50 (UBB-50) among workers exposed to heavy metals and hydrocarbons as well as patients on cisplatin and patients with early diabetic nephropathy. This study describes the use of this antibody to quantify UBB-50 among lead exposed workers. The study population consisted of 154 workers from a factory manufacturing lead stabilisers. Of these 91 workers had less than 6 months of exposure and formed the control group. The remaining 63 workers with a median exposure of 3 years formed the exposed group. Several blood lead (PbB) indices were used as exposure indices. These include the most recent PbB (PbBrec), a time-integrated blood lead index (PbBint), an absolute change in recent PbB (PbB delta), a relative change in PbB (PbB delta%), as well as the number of times the PbB measurements were above 40, 50 and 60 micrograms/100 ml (PbB40, PbB50, PbB60 respectively). Urinary levels of beta-2-microglobulin (U beta 2m), alpha-1-microglobulin (U alpha 1m), retinol binding protein (URBP), albumin (UAlb), activity of total N-acetyl-D-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG-T) and heat stable NAG isoenzyme (NAG-B) were measured along with the serum beta 2m (S beta 2m). Through stepwise analysis, UBB-50 was best correlated with PbBint, PbB40 and PbB delta% (r2, 0.271). Of these, PbBint and PbB40 had about twice the contribution to the variation in UBB-50.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95150410

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute|*CI/DI/*UR; Lead Poisoning|DI/*UR; Membrane Proteins|*UR; Microvilli|*ME; Occupational Diseases|DI/*UR

MeSH Heading

Adult; Biological Markers|UR; Case-Control Studies; Chemical Industry; Human; Proteinuria; Regression Analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0304-4602

Country of Publication

SINGAPORE

Record 61 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Intrauterine cocaine, lead, and nicotine exposure and fetal growth.

Author

Neuspiel DR; Markowitz M; Drucker E

Address

Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.

Source

Am J Public Health, 1994 Sep, 84:9, 1492-5

Abstract

Intrauterine tobacco, lead, and cocaine exposure often co-occur and may affect fetal growth and development, yet studies of gestational cocaine effects have not adequately measured lead or tobacco. In this anonymous survey, blood lead and urine cotinine levels were determined and mothers were queried about tobacco use. Eighteen cocaine-exposed mother-infant dyads had higher lead and cotinine levels than 46 random nonexposed dyads, regardless of reported cigarette smoking. Crude growth decrements in cocaine-exposed newborns were attenuated after control for lead and cotinine. Future studies of gestational cocaine effects should measure other toxic exposures with more precision.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94379300

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cocaine|*PD; Fetal Development|*DE; Lead|BL/*PD; Nicotine|*PD

MeSH Heading

Adult; Birth Weight|DE; Body Height|DE; Cephalometry; Cohort Studies; Cotinine|UR; Demography; Female; Human; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Regression Analysis; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0090-0036

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 62 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

General subcellular effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic.

Author

Fowler BA

Address

Source

Environ Health Perspect, 1978 Feb, 22:, 37-41

Abstract

This working paper summarizes the known ultrastructural and biochemical effects of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic on subcellular organelle systems following in vivo administration. Documented metal-induced alterations in nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and lysosomal functions are discussed in relation to their potential impact on cellular responses to other environmental agents. Each of the above elements has been found to interfere with normal cellular replication and genetic processes. Mitochondrial swelling and depression of respiratory function are discussed in relation to known metal-specific perturbations of mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Inhibition of microsomal enzyme activities and protein synthesis by lead and mercury is compared to the apparent absence of such effects following arsenic or cadmium exposure. Lysosomal uptake of all the metals is documented, but biochemical alterations in these structures have been reported for only mercury and cadmium. It is concluded that these toxic metals are capable of interacting with, and biochemically altering major cellular systems at dose levels below those required to produce signs of overt metal toxicity. The impact of these effects on cellular response to other metals and xenobiotics in complex exposure situations is presently unknown, and further research is urgently needed in this area.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

78168870

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Arsenic|*PD; Cadmium|*PD; Lead|*PD; Mercury|*PD

MeSH Heading

Animal; Cell Nucleus|DE; Endoplasmic Reticulum|DE; Human; Lysosomes|DE; Microsomes|EN; Mitochondria|DE; Proteins|BI

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0091-6765

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 63 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

A nationwide survey of heavy metal absorption in children living near primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters.

Author

Baker EL Jr; Hayes CG; Landrigan PJ; Handke JL; Leger RT; Housworth WJ; Harrington JM

Address

Source

Am J Epidemiol, 1977 Oct, 106:4, 261-73

Abstract

Arsenic, lead, and cadmium absorption levels were determined in 1774 children 1-5 years old living in 19 USA towns with primary nonferrous metal smelters. Results were compared with data on 258 children of the same age in three communities without smelters. Increased systemic absorption of arsenic, as reflected by urine arsenic content, was noted in children near 10 of 11 copper smelters. Blood lead levels were also modestly elevated near two copper smelters. Near lead and zinc smelters, elevated levels of lead and cadmium in hair provided evidence of external exposure to these elements. Levels of lead in blood were not, however, elevated near any of three lead smelters and were elevated near only two of five zinc smelters. Blood cadmium levels were high near one lead and two zinc smelters. The apparent sources of exposure (except in one community with elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water) were air, soil, and dust contaminated by smelting operations. While the full biologic significance of these findings is not known exposure of children to toxic heavy metals emitted by smelters should be reduced to a minimum.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

78017427

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Arsenic|BL/*ME/UR; Cadmium|BL/*ME; Copper|*ME; Environmental Pollution|*; Lead|*ME; Metallurgy|*; Zinc|*ME

MeSH Heading

Child, Preschool; Comparative Study; Hair|AN; Human; Infant; Protoporphyrins|BL; United States; Urban Population; Water Pollution, Chemical; Water Supply|AN

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0002-9262

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 64 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lymphocyte subpopulations of workers in a plant producing plastic materials (preliminary study).

Author

Boscolo P; Di Gioacchino M; Cervone M; Di Giacomo F; Bavazzano P; Giuliano G

Address

Center of Occupational Medicine and Ergophtalmology, University, G. D'Annunzio, Chieti (Italy).

Source

G Ital Med Lav, 1995 Jan, 17:1-6, 27-31

Abstract

Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 31 men working in a plant producing plastic materials in relation with control groups of similar age and smoking habit. 8 workers (group A) were exposed to solvents (mainly methylethylketone and dimethylformamide), 8 men (group B) to dust containing particles of calcium carbonate, polyvinylchloride, phtalates, unsaturated oils, paraffin wax, iron oxides, titanium bioxides, barium, zinc and lead and 15 men (group C), working in the same department as group B, were studied after a period of 16 months during which lead chromate was employed in the preparation of colors. The lymphocyte subpopulations were normal in group A, while in B there was a significant increase of HLA-DR + cells (monocytes, B and activated T lymphocytes). In group C, T helper/inducer lymphocytes (mainly CD4(+)-CD45RO- "virgin" lymphocytes), CD19+ B lymphocytes, CD3-HLADR+ and CD3-CD25+ (activated B lymphocytes and monocytes) were significantly reduced without changes of serum IgM, IgG and IgA. Highly significant correlation was found between B lymphocytes (reduced in the workers about 40%) and CD4(+)-CD45R0+ "memory" lymphocytes (reduced about 20%). Moreover, blood lead (correlated with urinary chromium) showed a highly significant negative correlation with the B lymphocytes. This study demonstrates that combined exposure to toxic agents produces specific modifications in the lymphocyte subsets without changes in immunoglobulins and confirms the results of previous researches showing that the exposure to lead or chromate induces reduction of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

97095295

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lymphocyte Subsets|*DE; Occupational Exposure|*; Plastics|*; Solvents|*

MeSH Heading

Adult; Case-Control Studies; Human; Lead|BL; Lymphocyte Count|DE; Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0391-9889

Country of Publication

ITALY

Record 65 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Role of rice and cereal products in dietary cadmium and lead intake among different socio-economic groups in south India.

Author

Srikanth R; Ramana D; Rao V

Address

Department of Botany, Nizam College, Hyderabad, India.

Source

Food Addit Contam, 1995 Sep, 12:5, 695-701

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of cadmium and lead in rice and cereal products commonly consumed in South India. Samples from retail outlets were purchased and analysed for cadmium and lead using graphite tube atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated varying concentrations of these metals in different rice and cereal products. The daily dietary intake of cadmium and lead varied among different socio-economic groups, based on occupation, and choice of consumption. The findings suggest that rice is the major source of cadmium and lead among the rural population and economically-deprived class. The source of intake of toxic metals appears to be more diverse in the case of the urban middle class and the economically privileged class of South India.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96108380

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*AD/AN; Cereals|*CH; Food Contamination|*; Lead|*AD/AN; Rice|*CH

MeSH Heading

Diet; Human; India; Socioeconomic Factors; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0265-203X

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 66 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lead levels in Birmingham dust.

Author

Archer A; Barratt RS

Address

Source

Sci Total Environ, 1976 Nov, 6:3, 275-86

Abstract

Dust is important as a factor affecting amenity and there are suggestions that it can make a significant contribution to the exposure of children to toxic materials and particularly to lead. The results are presented of an investigation into the lead concentrations in dust collected in Birmingham. Relationships are shown to exist between samples from similar areas and the distributions of lead concentrations throughout the City are shown. However, interpretations must be made with caution and this is illustrated by referring to some of the problems involved in the collection and chemical analysis of the samples.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77059521

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Dust|*AN; Lead|*AN

MeSH Heading

England; Human

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0048-9697

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 67 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

An unknown risk group of lead poisoning: the gypsy children.

Author

Redondo MJ; Guisasola FJ

Address

Departamento de PediatrÆia, Facultad de Medicina, C/RamÆon y Cajal, Valladolid, Spain.

Source

Eur J Pediatr, 1995 Mar, 154:3, 197-200

Abstract

The differences in average blood lead levels (PbB) between iron-deficient children of both gypsy and Caucasian origin were determined. PbB were assayed in 89 iron-deficient children (Group ID): 25 gypsies and 64 Caucasians. Two sub-groups were established: sub-group ID1, 57 iron-deficient children without anaemia (11 gypsies, 46 Caucasians), and sub-group ID2, 32 children with iron deficiency anaemia (14 gypsies; 18 Caucasians). Group IS composed of 41 iron-sufficient children (11 gypsies and 30 Caucasians) served as controls. Blood counts, red-cell indices, serum iron concentrations, serum ferritin, and PbB were determined for the entire study population. The average PbB for gypsy and Caucasian iron-deficient children, were 14.25 and 7.25 micrograms/dl (P < 0.01) respectively. The prevalence of iron-deficient children with toxic PbB (> 20 micrograms/dl) was higher in gypsies (24%) than in Caucasians (1.5%) (P < 0.01). A difference in average PbB between the two ethnic groups was also seen in children with normal iron metabolism (average PbB, 10.23 vs 5.65 micrograms/dl for gypsies and Caucasians, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Gypsy children should be considered as a population group at risk of lead poisoning in our environment.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95278273

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Gypsies|*; Lead Poisoning|*EH/EP

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency|CO; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Comparative Study; Female; Human; Incidence; Infant; Male; Risk Factors; Rural Health; Seasons; Social Class; Spain|EP; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Urban Health; Whites

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0340-6199

Country of Publication

GERMANY

Record 68 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The relation of soluble lead to toxicity: an in vitro analysis.

Author

Lipetz J; Douglass OB Jr

Address

Source

Chem Biol Interact, 1975 Aug, 11:2, 117-22

Abstract

Cells of human origin maintained in vitro in a phosphate-free medium (PFM) remain viable for over 24 h but lose viability rapidly in the presence of soluble lead. The threshold for this loss of viability is less than 1 ppm. In the presence of Ca-2+ in high concentrations, the cells maintain their viability. These data suggest that soluble lead is far more toxic than particulate lead, and that the protective action of the Ca-2+ ion in lead toxicity is not on a specific cell type.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

75185758

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Amniotic Fluid|*DE; Cells, Cultured|*DE; Lead|*TO

MeSH Heading

Calcium|PD; Cell Survival|DE; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Human; Pregnancy; Solubility; Time Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0009-2797

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 69 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

L-line x-ray fluorescence of cortical bone lead compared with the CaNa2EDTA test in lead-toxic children: public health implications [published erratum appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Oct;86(19):7595]

Author

Rosen JF; Markowitz ME; Bijur PE; Jenks ST; Wielopolski L; Kalef-Ezra JA; Slatkin DN

Address

Division of Pediatric Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467.

Source

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989 Jan, 86:2, 685-9

Abstract

Mild to moderate lead toxicity (blood lead, 25-55 micrograms/dl) is a preventable pediatric illness affecting several million preschool children ("lead-toxic children") in the United States. In-hospital lead-chelation treatment is predicated upon a positive CaNa2EDTA test, which is difficult to perform and impractical in large populations. After the development of an L-line x-ray fluorescence technique (LXRF) that measures cortical bone lead content safely, rapidly, and noninvasively, this study was initiated in lead-toxic children to compare LXRF with the CaNa2EDTA test. Moreover, LXRF provided the opportunity to quantify bone lead content. From blood lead and LXRF alone, 90% of lead-toxic children were correctly classified as being CaNa2EDTA-positive or -negative. In 76% of 59 lead-toxic children, bone lead values measured by LXRF were equal to or greater than those measured in normal and industrially exposed adults. These results indicate that LXRF may be capable of replacing the CaNa2EDTA test. When considered with the known neurotoxic effects on children of "low levels" of exposure to lead, these results also suggest that either an excessively narrow margin of safety or insufficient safety is provided by present U.S. guidelines, which classify an elevated blood lead concentration as 25 micrograms/dl or greater.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

89098995

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Bone and Bones|*AN; Lead|*AN/BL/UR; Lead Poisoning|*DI

MeSH Heading

Child; Child, Preschool; Comparative Study; Edetic Acid; Human; Infant; Predictive Value of Tests; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0027-8424

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

60-00-4 (Edetic Acid); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 70 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

The behavioral toxicology of metals.

Author

Weiss B

Address

Source

Fed Proc, 1978 Jan, 37:1, 22-7

Abstract

Many metals express their toxic actions through behavioral disturbances. Such disturbances most often reflect impairment of central nervous system function, but also may arise from deleterious effects in other systems. Numerous factors influence behavioral toxicity. Uptake into brain obviously is important; the chemical form of the metal (e.g., inorganic versus organic) and route of exposure are key determinants of brain penetration. Species differences in toxicity may arise from differences in kinetics (e.g., blood-brain ratio) and affinity to target brain structures. Developmental stage is still another crucial variable, but the young organism is not necessarily the most susceptible, and nutritional considerations confound the standard paradigms. Furthermore, parametric variations of behavioral functions can no more be ignored than dose-effect functions, a principle exemplified in research on methylmercury. Unwarranted loyalties to traditional psychological tests may be one source of the current dispute about safe levels of lead simply because parametric variations of clearly specified functions are beyond the scope of such instruments.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

78064736

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Behavior|*DE; Metals|*TO

MeSH Heading

Aging; Animal; Brain|DE; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eye Diseases|CI; Haplorhini; Human; Lead|TO; Methylmercury Compounds|TO; Mice; Pigeons; Rats; Species Specificity; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0014-9446

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 71 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Neurotoxic effects of selected metals.

Author

Wennberg A

Address

Department of Neuromedicine, National Institute of Occupational Health, Solna, Sweden.

Source

Scand J Work Environ Health, 1994, 20 Spec No:, 65-71

Abstract

A chemical is considered to be neurotoxic if it is capable of inducing a consistent pattern of neural dysfunction or lesion in the nervous system. Several metals are known as neurotoxic. Among them, four have been selected as being especially important from the occupational point of view, lead, manganese, aluminium, and mercury. All four have proved to be neurotoxic even though the toxic mechanisms may be unclear or unknown. This paper reviews the recently published documentation on the neurotoxic properties of these metals, from the general as well the occupational point of view.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95149088

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|*AE; Nervous System Diseases|*CI/DI; Occupational Diseases|*CI/DI; Occupational Exposure|*AE

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aluminum|AE; Child; Human; Lead Poisoning|DI; Manganese|AE; Mercury Poisoning|DI; Neurologic Examination|DE

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0355-3140

Country of Publication

FINLAND

Record 72 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Metabolic interactions between metals and metalloids.

Author

Levander OA

Address

Source

Environ Health Perspect, 1978 Aug, 25:, 77-80

Abstract

The experimental evidence obtained with laboratory animals which shows that the toxicities of lead, cadmium, and mercury can be increased by deficiencies of certain essential nutrients such as calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium is briefly reviewed. An idealized theoretical model which indicates the possible influence of multiple nutritional deficiencies on the toxicity of a heavy metal is presented. It is suggested that multiple marginal nutritional deficiencies may be of importance in determining the response of humans to the toxic effects of various heavy metal pollutants.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

79064979

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Metals|ME/*TO; Trace Elements|*DF

MeSH Heading

Animal; Cadmium|TO; Human; Lead|TO; Models, Biological

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0091-6765

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 73 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Amplification of glutamate-induced oxidative stress.

Author

Savolainen KM; Loikkanen J; Naarala J

Address

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland.

Source

Toxicol Lett, 1995 Dec, 82-83:, 399-405

Abstract

Glutamate is a ubiquitous neurotransmitter which causes excess neuronal excitotoxicity and neurodegenerative insults such as stroke, trauma and seizures. A salient feature of the activation of glutamate receptors is the induction of oxidative burst. Moreover, glutamate stimulates Ca2+ influx and translocates protein kinase C (PKC). PKC mediates cellular processes mediated via phosphorylations which may be essential for oxidative burst in many cells. Subsequent oxidative stress may be a causal factor of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased glutamate release and oxidative burst may thus both be essential in the cascade of events leading to neuronal damage. Glutamate may also mediate neurotoxic effects of environmental toxic agents such as lead which amplify glutamate excitotoxicity. In these interactions, excessive activation of glutamate receptors and oxidative burst may converge into a common pathway leading to cell death through a cascade involving PKC or other protein important in oxidative burst in neurons.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96170120

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Glutamine|*TO; Oxidative Stress|*

MeSH Heading

Animal; Apoptosis; Calcium|ME; Human; Lead|TO; Protein Kinase C|PH; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0378-4274

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 74 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Children and environmental toxins.

Author

Little DN

Address

Department of Family Practice, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.

Source

Prim Care, 1995 Mar, 22:1, 69-79

Abstract

Environmental toxins have been shown to produce harmful effects in children, who may be exposed in the home, in public spaces, and by passive contact with adults. This review discusses common toxic substances, including lead, radon, tobacco smoke, asbestos, pesticides, mercury, carbon monoxide, and electric/magnetic fields. The focus is on identification, environmental abatement, and parent education. Practical suggestions for the primary care clinician in a community setting are emphasized.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95296450

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Environmental Exposure|*; Toxins|*

MeSH Heading

Asbestos|TO; Carbon Monoxide|TO; Child; Child, Preschool; Electromagnetic Fields; Human; Infant; Lead|TO; Mercury|TO; Pesticides|TO; Radon|TO; Risk; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0095-4543

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 75 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Nutrition of lead.

Author

DeMichele SJ

Address

Source

Comp Biochem Physiol A, 1984, 78:3, 401-8

Abstract

At the levels to which human beings are exposed in the workplace as well as in the general environment, lead has been shown to be a toxic element in most of its chemical forms, whether it is inhaled or ingested in water or food. The four main sources of contamination of food are soil, industrial pollution, agricultural technology and food processing. Reasonable quantities of the metal can be stored by humans in a relatively inert form in bone; lead has an affinity for bone and acts by replacing calcium. Gastrointestinal lead absorption and retention, the major pathway of lead intake, has been shown to vary widely depending on the chemical environment of the gastrointestinal lumen, age and iron stores (nutritional status of the subject). Studies in animals have shown that certain substances bind lead and increase its solubility, thus enhancing its absorption. These dietary components consist of sodium citrate, ascorbate, amino acids, vitamin D, protein and fat, and lactose. Data suggest a three-compartmental pool for lead metabolism: (1) blood; (2) soft tissue (hair, nails, sweat, salivary, gastric, pancreatic and biliary secretions); and (3) skeleton. Lead absorption occurs primarily in the duodenum where lead enters the epithelial mucosal cells. The total bodily amount of lead does not affect lead absorption; lead does not have a feedback mechanism which limits absorption. In the adult rat, lead absorption from the intestinal lumen appears to proceed by both active transport and passive diffusion. Bile is an important route of excretion in the gut.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84284088

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|*ME

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Aged; Bone and Bones|ME; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Fats|ME; Energy Intake; Female; Heme|ME; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Absorption; Iron|ME; Lactose|ME; Lead Poisoning|ME; Lung|ME; Male; Middle Age; Nutrition; Pregnancy; Tissue Distribution; Vitamin E|ME; Zinc|ME

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0300-9629

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Dietary Fats); 1406-18-4 (Vitamin E); 14875-96-8 (Heme); 63-42-3 (Lactose); 7439-89-6 (Iron); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7440-66-6 (Zinc)

Record 76 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Effect of lead intoxication on calcium homeostasis and calcium-mediated cell function: a review.

Author

Pounds JG

Address

Source

Neurotoxicology, 1984 Fall, 5:3, 295-331

Abstract

The interaction between lead and essential metals is a complex, well recognized, but poorly understood phenomenon. Dietary deficiencies or excesses of certain essential metals may alter the absorption, elimination, or dose response of lead. Lead, in turn, may alter the homeostasis and function of essential metals. This review will be limited to the effect of lead on calcium, an essential metal with elaborate systemic and cellular homeostatic mechanisms and innumerable second messenger and coupling-factor functions. Lead may ultimately perturb calcium-regulated or calcium-mediated functions (a) directly by interfering with calcium transport or storage processes, e.g., Ca2+ transport proteins, calcium gates, etc.; (b) indirectly by altering cell functions required for calcium homeostasis, e.g., energy production, plasma membrane permeability, etc.; (c) by substitution of Pb2+ for Ca2+ at functionally important calcium binding sites, e.g., calmodulin. While any individual study may not provide adequate experimental verification of the causal role of perturbations of calcium metabolism and function as the primary toxic lesion of lead intoxication, the collective observations of many studies do strongly support lead-calcium interactions as an important functional lesion in lead intoxicated organelles, cells, tissues, and organ systems.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

85111752

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Calcium|BL/*ME; Lead|*TO

MeSH Heading

Animal; Calcitonin|ME; Calcium-Binding Proteins|ME; Cell Membrane Permeability|DE; Child, Preschool; Cholecalciferol|ME; Comparative Study; Coturnix|ME; Energy Metabolism|DE; Homeostasis|DE; Human; Intestinal Absorption|DE; Mitochondria|ME; Neurotransmitters|ME; Parathyroid Hormones|ME; Synaptosomes|ME

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW

ISSN

0161-813X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Calcium-Binding Proteins); 0 (Neurotransmitters); 0 (Parathyroid Hormones); 67-97-0 (Cholecalciferol); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); 9007-12-9 (Calcitonin)

Record 77 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lead activates calmodulin sensitive processes.

Author

Goldstein GW; Ar D

Address

Source

Life Sci, 1983 Sep 5, 33:10, 1001-6

Abstract

The effect of lead on two calcium sensitive processes was determined. Micromolar concentrations of lead successfully replaced calcium in the activation of calmodulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase and in the promotion of potassium loss from erythrocytes. Both actions of lead were blocked by trifluoperazine--an inhibitor of calmodulin function. We propose that some of the toxic effects of lead may be explained by its interaction with calmodulin.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

83296604

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Calcium-Binding Proteins|*PD; Calmodulin|*PD; Erythrocytes|DE/*ME; Lead|*PD; Potassium|*BL; 3',5'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase|*BL

MeSH Heading

Calcium|PD; Enzyme Activation|DE; Human; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Trifluoperazine|PD

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0024-3205

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

CAS Registry/EC Number

EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase); 0 (Calcium-Binding Proteins); 0 (Calmodulin); 117-89-5 (Trifluoperazine); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7440-09-7 (Potassium); 7440-70-2 (Calcium)

Record 78 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lead poisoning in inherited delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency.

Author

Doss M; Laubenthal F; Stoeppler M

Address

Source

Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 1984, 54:1, 55-63

Abstract

delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D), respectively porphobilinogen synthase, EC 4.2.1.24) activity can be lowered by toxic, metabolic and hereditary factors. A 30-year-old painter was suffering from lead poisoning with an acute abdominal-neurologic syndrome and anemia. Blood lead was measured at 414 micrograms/l. Urinary ALA and coproporphyrin excretion as well as erythrocyte protoporphyrin had increased extremely, whereas ALA-D activity in erythrocytes had decreased extremely to 8% of controls. Excretion parameters, protoporphyrin, hemoglobin and lead returned to normal after treatment, but four years later ALA-D activity still remained diminished (30% of controls). An inherited enzyme deficiency was assumed and found in the mother, analogous to the subnormal ALA-D activity in heterozygotes of four other families. The inherited enzyme deficiency sensitized the patient to lead exposure and intoxication, which is a toxogenetic disease in this case.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84211174

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase|*DF; Lead Poisoning|DT/*EN/ET

MeSH Heading

Adult; Case Report; Edetic Acid|TU; Erythrocytes|AN; Human; Lead|BL; Male; Protoporphyrins|BL; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0340-0131

Country of Publication

GERMANY, WEST

CAS Registry/EC Number

EC 4.2.1.24 (Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase); 0 (Protoporphyrins); 60-00-4 (Edetic Acid); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 79 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Neurobehavioral toxicology of the organoleads.

Author

Walsh TJ; Tilson HA

Address

Source

Neurotoxicology, 1984 Fall, 5:3, 67-86

Abstract

Alkyl leads (R x Pb) are environmentally prevalent compounds which have been shown to produce a variety of neurological and behavioral deficits in both laboratory animals and man. Due to the increasing commercial use of these compounds, the episodes of human poisoning, and the limited understanding of their sites and mechanisms of toxicity, the organoleads, as a class, remain potentially important environmental health hazards. Recent data indicate that the constellation of behavioral effects produced by these compounds resembles the behavioral sequelae of limbic system damage. For example, alterations in sensory responsiveness and/or behavioral reactivity and task-dependent changes in avoidance learning are observed following organolead exposure and experimental disruption of the limbic system. Furthermore, neurochemical changes induced by organoleads are regionally-specific and restricted to the limbic forebrain and frontal cortex. The present review will summarize the toxic properties of organoleads, discuss their neurobehavioral effects, and suggest that these effects might be attributable to a disruption of the limbic forebrain.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

85111757

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*ET/PA/PX; Limbic System|*/PA

MeSH Heading

Animal; Behavior, Animal|DE; Brain Diseases|CI/PA; Chemistry; Comparative Study; Disease Models, Animal; Human; Kinetics; Lead|TO; Organometallic Compounds|TO; Rats; Tetraethyl Lead|AA/TO

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0161-813X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Organometallic Compounds); 5224-23-7 (triethyllead); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 75-74-1 (tetramethyllead); 78-00-2 (Tetraethyl Lead)

Record 80 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Study and models of total lead exposures of battery workers.

Author

Chavalitnitikul C; Levin L; Chen LC

Address

Source

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 1984 Dec, 45:12, 802-8

Abstract

In an attempt to establish a more realistic and reliable model for relating environmental exposure measurements to the biological indices of exposure, a study was undertaken to quantify the total sources of lead exposure among lead storage battery workers. In addition to the usual personal and area lead air sampling, quantitative and repeatable measurements of removable lead from work surfaces and the workers' hands and faces were obtained daily for ten consecutive work days in the pasting and battery assembly departments. Mathematical correlations of blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels as the dependent variable with the lead exposure sources were derived and demonstrated most strongly as log-log relationships. Statistical analyses by computer programming indicated that the airborne, hand, facial and work surface levels have a high degree of inter-correlation with a very significant positive individual correlation with blood lead levels and a somewhat lower correlation with ZPP. The results suggest that contaminated personal and work surfaces may play a more significant role in toxic occupational and environmental exposures, generally, than had heretofore been demonstrated or suspected.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

85094049

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Chemical Industry|*; Electricity|*; Lead|AN/BL/*TO

MeSH Heading

Adult; Air Pollutants, Occupational|AN; Environmental Exposure; Face|AN; Hand|AN; Human; Irrigation; Middle Age; Protoporphyrins|BL; Statistics

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0002-8894

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Air Pollutants, Occupational); 0 (Protoporphyrins); 15442-64-5 (zinc protoporphyrin); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 81 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Early sensory-motor development and prenatal exposure to lead.

Author

Bellinger DC; Needleman HL; Leviton A; Waternaux C; Rabinowitz MB; Nichols ML

Address

Source

Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol, 1984 Sep-Oct, 6:5, 387-402

Abstract

As part of a longitudinal study of the early developmental effects of exposure to lead, we administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at age 6 months to infants classified into three groups based on their umbilical cord blood lead levels ("low": mean = 1.8 micrograms/dl; "mid": mean = 6.5 micrograms/dl; "high": mean = 14.6 micrograms/dl). No infant had a cord blood lead level greater than 30 micrograms/dl, the level currently regarded as the upper limit of "normal" for young children. Multiple regression analyses indicated that high cord blood levels were associated with lower covariance-adjusted scores on the Mental Development Index. Scores on the Psychomotor Development Index were not significantly related to cord blood lead level. The level of lead in blood at 6 months of age was not associated with scores on either the Mental or Psychomotor Development Index. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that low levels of lead delivered transplacentally are toxic to infants.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

85086520

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Child Development|*DE; Lead|BL/*TO; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects|*; Psychomotor Performance|*DE

MeSH Heading

Female; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Regression Analysis; Social Environment; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0275-1380

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 82 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Tissue mineral levels in victims of sudden infant death syndrome I. Toxic metals--lead and cadmium.

Author

Erickson MM; Poklis A; Gantner GE; Dickinson AW; Hillman LS

Address

Source

Pediatr Res, 1983 Oct, 17:10, 779-84

Abstract

Lung, liver, kidney, and rib specimens were obtained at autopsy from 66 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants and 23 infants who died suddenly from other causes between the ages of 4-26 wk. Tissue levels of lead and cadmium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and are expressed as microgram/g dry weight. Because these metals are cumulative with age in storage tissues, the levels were corrected for age (adjusted to age 13 wk). The SIDS liver and rib specimens contained significantly more lead than non-SIDS tissues (liver, 1.095 microgram/g versus 0.761 microgram/g, P less than 0.05; rib, 1.754 microgram/g versus 1.041 microgram/g, P less than 0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences in cadmium concentration between the SIDS and non-SIDS tissues. All four tissues showed significant increases with age in both lead and cadmium concentrations in SIDS. The increase in lung lead concentration with age was significantly greater in SIDS than in non-SIDS cases, P less than 0.05. In non-SIDS only kidney cadmium showed an increase with age (P less than 0.0001). These data collectively suggest an increased exposure of the SIDS infant to lead either prenatally and/or postnatally. Any physiologic effects of the increased tissue lead levels are unknown. They may be only a marker of the known epidemiology of SIDS.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84041207

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*AN; Lead|*AN; Sudden Infant Death|*PP

MeSH Heading

Age Factors; Human; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney|AN; Liver|AN; Lung|AN; Metals|AN; Minerals|AN; Ribs|AN; Seasons; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0031-3998

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Metals); 0 (Minerals); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7440-43-9 (Cadmium)

Record 83 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

A survey of the effects of lead on gunners.

Author

Brown JR

Address

Source

J R Army Med Corps, 1983 Jun, 129:2, 75-81

Abstract

An environmental and biological survey of lead involving 35 soldiers from an artillery training unit was carried out. The soldiers had a minimum of eighteen months service. The eight hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) for lead in air (0.19 mg/m3) exceeded the Standard (0.15/m3) on a maximum of three days per month. However, the weighted average for 40 hours (0.03 mg/m3) was well within the Lead in Air Standard. No toxic effects on the soldiers were revealed by the biological tests employed. A comparison of blood lead (BPb) was made with those in a group (n = 292) of recruits (Fig. 1) which showed a statistically significant difference (t(df 328) = 4.28, P less than 0.001). The survey indicated that the level of lead exposure is not sufficient to require any special monitoring or corrective measures as laid down in the Control of Lead at Work Regulations.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84010603

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*ET; Military Medicine|*; Occupational Diseases|*ET

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Great Britain; Human; Lead|BL; Male; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Risk

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0035-8665

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

CAS Registry/EC Number

106-60-5 (Aminolevulinic Acid); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 84 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Gasoline sniffing and lead toxicity in Navajo adolescents.

Author

Coulehan JL; Hirsch W; Brillman J; Sanandria J; Welty TK; Colaiaco P; Koros A; Lober A

Address

Source

Pediatrics, 1983 Jan, 71:1, 113-7

Abstract

During a 6-year period, 23 Navajo adolescents were hospitalized 47 times for presumed lead intoxication secondary to gasoline sniffing. Most patients were male (87%) and sniffed gasoline as a social activity, more frequently in spring and summer. Sixty-five percent of the patients first presented with toxic encephalopathy. Of total episodes, 31% involved asymptomatic lead overload; 31% involved tremor, ataxia, and other neurologic signs; and 38% involved encephalopathy with disorientation and hallucinations. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels were not consistently high, although blood lead levels were all elevated. One death occurred. Approximately 11% of 537 Navajo adolescents said they inhaled gasoline for enjoyment at least occasionally. Among 147 junior high school students, blood lead levels averaged 18 +/- 6 micrograms/dL with no values greater than 40 micrograms/dL. Three of these students had elevated zinc protoporphyrin levels and all three were anemic. No correlation was found between levels of blood lead or zinc protoporphyrin and whether or not the youth reported sniffing gasoline. However, sniffing gasoline was associated with poor school performance and delinquent behavior. Although apparently many Navajo adolescents experiment with gasoline inhalation, only a few engage in this activity frequently enough to develop either asymptomatic or symptomatic lead overload.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

83090184

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Gasoline|*; Indians, North American|*; Lead Poisoning|*ET; Petroleum|*; Substance Abuse|*

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Arizona; Female; Human; Lead|BL; Male; New Mexico; Protoporphyrins|BL; Tetraethyl Lead; Utah

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0031-4005

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Protoporphyrins); 15442-64-5 (zinc protoporphyrin); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 78-00-2 (Tetraethyl Lead)

Record 85 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Simultaneous exposure to lead, arsenic and mercury from Indian ethnic remedies.

Author

Sheerin NS; Monk PN; Aslam M; Thurston H

Address

Department of Medicine, Leicester Royal Infirmary.

Source

Br J Clin Pract, 1994 Nov, 48:6, 332-3

Abstract

We report the case of an Asian woman who was exposed to toxic levels of lead, arsenic and mercury through the use of Indian ethnic remedies, and who suffered symptomatic lead poisoning. We know of no other case of exposure to such a combination of heavy metals from this source. We believe that control of the dispensing of these compounds is essential.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95151508

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Arsenic|*PO; Lead Poisoning|*ET; Medicine, Traditional|*; Mercury Poisoning|*ET

MeSH Heading

Case Report; Female; Human; India; Middle Age

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0007-0947

Country of Publication

ENGLAND

Record 86 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Role of DNA repair inhibition in lead- and cadmium-induced genotoxicity: a review.

Author

Hartwig A

Address

Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany.

Source

Environ Health Perspect, 1994 Sep, 102 Suppl 3:, 45-50

Abstract

Compounds of lead and cadmium have been shown to be carcinogenic to humans and experimental animals. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. In mammalian cells in culture, lead(II) is weakly mutagenic after long incubation times and generates DNA strand breaks only after treatment with high, toxic doses. Cadmium(II) induces DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations, but its mutagenic potential is rather weak. However, both metals exert pronounced indirect genotoxic effects. Lead(II) is comutagenic towards UV and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and enhances the number of UV-induced sister chromatid exchanges in V79 Chinese hamster cells. With regard to DNA repair, lead(II) causes an accumulation of DNA strand breaks after UV-irradiation in HeLa cells, indicating an interference with the polymerization or ligation step in excision repair. Cadmium(II) enhances the mutagenicity of UV light in V79 Chinese hamster cells and an increased sensitivity toward UV light is observed in various rodent and human cell lines. Furthermore, an inhibition of unscheduled DNA synthesis after UV-irradiation and a partial inhibition of the removal of UV-induced DNA lesions has been shown. For both metals, the indirect genotoxic effects are observed at low, nontoxic concentrations, suggesting that an interference with DNA repair processes may be predominant at biologically relevant concentrations. This might also explain the conflicting results of epidemiological studies obtained for both metals. Possible mechanisms of repair inhibition are discussed.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95145426

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Cadmium|*TO; DNA Repair|*DE; Lead|*TO; Mutagens|*TO

MeSH Heading

Animal; Cell Line; Human; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL

ISSN

0091-6765

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 87 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Toxic metals in street and household dusts.

Author

Harrison RM

Address

Source

Sci Total Environ, 1979 Jan, 11:1, 89-97

Abstract

Street and household dusts have been sampled within the Lancaster area (U.K.), and analysed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. The concentration of each metal has been determined both as total and extractable metal, the latter referring to metal soluble in a 0.07N hydrochloric acid solution. The results are discussed in relation to the sources of the metals, and possible health hazards to children exposed to the dusts.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

79117962

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Dust|*AN; Metals|*AN/ME

MeSH Heading

Child; England; Environmental Pollutants|AN; Human; Lead|AN; Methods

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0048-9697

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 88 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Diagnostic significance of edetate disodium calcium testing in children with increased lead absorption.

Author

Saenger P; Rosen JF; Markowitz M

Address

Source

Am J Dis Child, 1982 Apr, 136:4, 312-5

Abstract

Conventional screening tests (blood lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels) may not accurately reflect the magnitude of lead storage in children with mild to moderate increases in lead absorption, as assessed by edetate disodium calcium testing. Children with blood lead levels higher than 30 micrograms/dL and erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels higher than 50 micrograms/dL warrant careful measurement of the size of chelatable, potentially toxic lead stores. Edetate disodium calcium testing provides a more precise basis for therapeutic decisions in a child with mild to moderate increases in lead absorption.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

82179458

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Edetic Acid|*DU/TU; Lead|BL/*ME/UR; Lead Poisoning|*DI/DT

MeSH Heading

Absorption; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythrocytes|AN; Human; Infant; Protoporphyrins|BL; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0002-922X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Protoporphyrins); 60-00-4 (Edetic Acid); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 89 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopic measurement of blood lead in matrix-matched standards.

Author

Bannon DI; Murashchik C; Zapf CR; Farfel MR; Chisolm JJ Jr

Address

Kennedy Krieger Institute, Trace Metals Laboratory, Baltimore, MD 21213.

Source

Clin Chem, 1994 Sep, 40:9, 1730-4

Abstract

Now that the level of concern for a toxic blood lead concentration is 0.482 mumol/L (10 micrograms/dL), laboratories must meet new requirements to shorten analysis times and increase accuracy and precision of blood lead determinations. We used a matrix-matching method to estimate the lead concentration in blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). For CDC proficiency samples and the NIST-Certified Blood Reference standard, the performance of this method compared favorably with that of previously published GFAAS methods and of the anodic stripping voltammetric method routinely used in our laboratory. At lead concentrations of 0.242 mumol/L (5.01 micrograms/dL) and 1.478 mumol/L (30.63 micrograms/dL), within-run CVs were 2.78% and 0.68%, respectively; between-run CVs were 4.9% and 1.35%. In 52 study samples with lead content ranging from 0.097 to 3.812 mumol/L (2 to 79 micrograms/dL), 87% of results by the matrix-modified method were within 0.048 mumol/L (1 microgram/dL) of consensus values.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94349566

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|*BL; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption|*MT/ST

MeSH Heading

Calibration; Child; Graphite; Human; Quality Control; Reproducibility of Results; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0009-9147

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 90 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Lead screening among high-risk urban children. Are the 1991 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines feasible?

Author

Campbell JR; McConnochie KM; Weitzman M

Address

Department of Pediatrics, Rochester (NY) General Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry.

Source

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1994 Jul, 148:7, 688-93

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the 1991 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lead poisoning prevention guidelines for biannual screening and retesting are feasible among a high-risk population. METHODS: For 632 urban high-risk children aged 9 to 25 months who used a pediatric primary care center between 1989 and 1991, we assessed physician screening practices and the need to increase utilization to meet guidelines for retesting. Analysis also focused on missed opportunities for lead screening. For 425 urban high-risk children who were long-term utilizers of the center, we assessed the need to increase utilization to meet guidelines for biannual screening. RESULTS: Screening was not up to date in 55%, 34%, and 29% of children at ages 9 to 13 months, 14 to 19 months, and 20 to 25 months, respectively. These children had a mean of 2.3, 2.5, and 2.3 missed opportunities during each age period. Among children who had made well-child visits, in 41%, 36%, and 28% of children screening was not up to date at each age period. Between ages 13 and 37 months, 42% of long-term clinic utilizers made sufficient visits to achieve biannual screening. Sixty-five percent of children who were screened made a subsequent visit within 2 to 5 months, at which time retesting could have been performed. CONCLUSIONS: At this primary care center, many high-risk children, including those who had made well-child visits, were not appropriately screened for lead toxic effects. Children not screened had many missed opportunities at all types of visits, including well-child visits. Many children visited frequently enough to achieve biannual screening and retesting without increased numbers of visits if non-well-child visits had been used as opportunities for retesting.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94290574

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*DI; Mass Screening|SN/*ST/UT; Urban Health|*

MeSH Heading

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Child, Preschool; Guidelines; Human; Infant; New York; Risk Factors; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

1072-4710

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 91 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Interactions of vitamin C with lead and mercury.

Author

Hill CH

Address

Source

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1980, 355:, 262-6

Abstract

Ascorbic acid has been found to interact with several elements in such a manner as to render them less available for animals. This property of the vitamin has a negative effect on the animals fed a copper-deficient diet, but a positive effect on those fed toxic levels of copper, selenium, vanadium, and cobalt. The effect of ascorbic acid in alleviating cadmium toxicity has been attributed to the effect of the vitamin on iron metabolism, since ferrous iron will also alleviate cadmium toxicity in the Japanese quail. The results of studies reported here indicate that iron will alleviate lead toxicity but ascorbic acid is ineffective. Ascorbic acid will alleviate mercury toxicity, but iron exacerbates this condition. For these two elements, the effects of iron and ascorbic acid are independent of each other.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

81205513

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Ascorbic Acid|*ME/PD; Lead|*ME; Mercury|*ME

MeSH Heading

Animal; Cadmium|TO; Chickens; Cobalt|TO; Copper|DF; Human; Intestinal Absorption; Lead Poisoning|ET; Selenium|TO; Vanadium|TO

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0077-8923

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

50-81-7 (Ascorbic Acid); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7439-97-6 (Mercury); 7440-43-9 (Cadmium); 7440-48-4 (Cobalt); 7440-50-8 (Copper); 7440-62-2 (Vanadium); 7782-49-2 (Selenium)

Record 92 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

X-linked bulbospinomuscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease) masquerading as lead neuropathy.

Author

Albers JW; Bromberg MB

Address

Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0316.

Source

Muscle Nerve, 1994 Apr, 17:4, 419-23

Abstract

A 43-year-old male was referred by a veterinarian who evaluated his dog for a seizure and suspected a toxic lead exposure for both. He refurbished houses, removing old paint, and complained of decreased cognition, fatigue, and muscle cramps. He had a depressed affect, postural tremor, right arm weakness with partial denervation on EMG, and borderline-low sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes. A mild anemia and elevated serum and urine lead levels supported a diagnosis of lead neuropathy. Chelation therapy increased urine lead excretion without symptomatic improvement. His brother worked part-time with him and developed similar findings, but also had difficulty chewing, dysphagia, perioral twitching, gynecomastia, and multifocal denervation of extremity and facial muscles. His lead levels were not elevated, but an androgen receptor mutation identified on the X chromosome for both brothers confirmed the diagnosis of X-linked bulbospinomuscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease).

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

94224252

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead Poisoning|*DI; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal|*DI/GE/PP; Nervous System Diseases|CI/*DI; X Chromosome|*

MeSH Heading

Action Potentials; Adult; Case Report; Diagnosis, Differential; Electromyography; Gynecomastia|PP; Human; Male; Median Nerve|PP; Motor Activity; Motor Neuron Disease|DI; Motor Neurons|PH; Neurons, Afferent|PH; Radial Nerve|PP; Sural Nerve|PP; Ulnar Nerve|PP

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0148-639X

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 93 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Environmentally acquired lead, cadmium, and manganese in the cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis, and the laughing gull, Larus atricilla.

Author

Hulse M; Mahoney JS; Schroder GD; Hacker CS; Pier SM

Address

Source

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1980, 9:1, 65-78

Abstract

The concentrations of lead, cadmium, and manganese in the tissues of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) gathered from the Galveston Bay region of Texas were compared, to determine if different patterns of accumulation exist. Their levels in these species were within the range reported for other bird species. Lead levels in bone were comparable, but gulls had more lead in brain, kidney and liver tissues than the egrets, which suggested a higher rate of accumulation or exposure. Due to their high abundance and comparable positions in the estaurine and terrestrial food webs, it is suggested that Bubulcus ibis and Larus atricilla may serve as convenient biological indicators to monitor potentially toxic substances in these ecosystems.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

80174084

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Birds|*ME; Metals|*ME

MeSH Heading

Aging; Animal; Cadmium|ME; Female; Human; Lead|ME; Male; Manganese|ME; Sex Factors; Stomach|ME; Tissue Distribution

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0090-4341

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Metals); 7439-92-1 (Lead); 7439-96-5 (Manganese); 7440-43-9 (Cadmium)

Record 94 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Neurotoxicity of lead, methylmercury, and PCBs in relation to the Great Lakes.

Author

Rice DC

Address

Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. drice@bcad1.food.hwc.ca

Source

Environ Health Perspect, 1995 Dec, 103 Suppl 9:, 71-87

Abstract

There is ample evidence identifying lead, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as neurotoxic agents. A large body of data on the neurotoxicity of lead, based on both epidemiologic studies in children and animal models of developmental exposure, reveals that body burdens of lead typical of people in industrialized environments produce behavioral impairment. Methylmercury was identified as a neurotoxicant in both adults and the developing organism based on episodes of human poisoning: these effects have been replicated and extended in animals. High-dose PCB exposure was recognized as a developmental toxicant as a result of several episodes of contamination of cooking oil. The threshold for PCB neurotoxicity in humans is less clear, although research in animals suggests that relatively low-level exposure produces behavioral impairment and other toxic effects. Tissue levels in fish below which human health would not be adversely affected were estimated for methylmercury and PCBs based on calculated reference doses (RfDs) and estimated fish intake. Present levels in fish tissue in the Great Lakes exceed these levels for both neurotoxicants. Great Lakes fish and water do not pose a particular hazard for increased lead intake. However, the fact that the present human body burden is in a range at which functional deficits are probable suggests that efforts should be made to eliminate point sources of lead contamination in the Great Lakes basin.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96232901

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Lead|*AE; Methylmercury Compounds|*AE; Nervous System Diseases|*CI; Polychlorinated Biphenyls|*AE

MeSH Heading

Adult; Animal; Child; Female; Fishes; Food Contamination; Great Lakes Region; Human; Water Supply

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW LITERATURE

ISSN

0091-6765

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 95 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Copper jacketed bullets in the central nervous system.

Author

Messer HD; Cerza PF

Address

Source

Neuroradiology, 1976, 12:3, 121-9

Abstract

Bullets fired from hand guns are often partially or fully jacketed with copper - a fact that can usually be recognized on radiographs. The copper content of the metallic foreign body (MFB) appears to be more toxic than unjacketed lead and sometimes leads to migration of the MFB through brain tissue. Therefore, it appears wise to attempt to recognize and remove copper containing MFBs when they lie in contact with the central nervous system. Plain lead missiles and those partially clad with copper often leave traces of lead along their paths, while those that are completely copper clad do not. Partially clad missiles tend to show some separation of lead and copper - revealing two differing metallic densities on the radiographs.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

77077518

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Central Nervous System|*/RA; Copper|*/PO; Foreign Bodies|*/RA; Wounds, Gunshot|*RA

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Case Report; Foreign-Body Migration|RA; Human; Lead; Male

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0028-3940

Country of Publication

GERMANY, WEST

Record 96 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Levels of lead in the United States food supply.

Author

Jelinek CF

Address

Source

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1982 Jul, 65:4, 942-6

Abstract

As a result of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) concern about lead in the food supply, considerable data have been developed in recent years by FDA, other agencies, and industry on the levels of lead in foods. Data obtained on the lead content of milk, eggs, meat, fish, and shellfish indicate that the mean levels in these unprocessed foods varied from 0.02 to about 0.4 ppm, with the lowest level in milk. The major food processing source of lead in food is the lead-soldered can. FDA had assigned top priority to the reduction of lead in foods for infants because of their greater susceptibility to the toxic effects of this metal. The lead levels in foods for infants are now only 1/5 to 1/10 of what they were when FDA expressed its concern about lead to the manufacturers of canned infant formula, evaporated milk, canned infant juices, and glass-packed infant foods. FDA priority interest has now shifted to reduction of lead in adult canned foods, especially those eaten by young children. The mean levels in such foods have decreased from 0.35-0.40 ppm in 1974 to 0.20-0.25 ppm in 1980.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

83006964

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Food Analysis|*; Lead|*AN

MeSH Heading

Adult; Food Supply; Human; Infant; United States

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0004-5756

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 97 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Toxic effects of lead impurities found in aluminum factories.

Author

Garcia Martinez E; Junco Muñoz PR; Molina Ballesteros G; Arrieta Alcalde ND

Address

Source

Am J Ind Med, 1981, 2:2, 161-5

Abstract

A study of workers exposed to low levels of lead as impurities in aluminum (as low as 0.07%) shows a statistically significant difference in blood and urine lead levels as compared with a control group. In addition, alterations in precursors of heme were demonstrated as reflected in elevated levels of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid and erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX. This study has implications for workers who are exposed to metals with low concentrations of lead (less than 1%) since this exposure tends to go unnoticed both by the workers, even when symptoms are present, and by physicians who ignore or discard signs of lead intoxication because they relate the occupational exposure of the workers to other metals, not directly to lead.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

83097542

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Aluminum|*; Lead Poisoning|DI/*ET; Metallurgy|*; Occupational Diseases|*CI/DI

MeSH Heading

Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Female; Human; Lead|BL/UR; Male; Protoporphyrins|BL

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0271-3586

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

0 (Protoporphyrins); 106-60-5 (Aminolevulinic Acid); 7429-90-5 (Aluminum); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 98 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Blood pressure and creatinine clearance in lead-exposed children: the effect of treatment.

Author

Friedlander MA; Brooks CT; Sheehe PR

Address

Source

Arch Environ Health, 1981 Nov-Dec, 36:6, 310-5

Abstract

The authors speculated that normal growth might cause the release of stored lead in children, providing an endogenous source of exposure for years after the acute toxic episode had resolved. The purpose of this study was to answer the following two questions (1) Is a chelation-responsive lead burden present 2 to 5 yr after therapy for acute poisoning? and (2) Does blood pressure or creatinine clearance correlate with body lead burden, as demonstrated by chelation? Thirty-eight children who had undergone ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid mobilization testing at least one time during the course of treatment in a lead clinic returned for follow-up care within 2-5 yr. all were asymptomatic. To determine the current level of body lead burden, a single-dose oral chelation with penicillamine was performed. Blood pressure and creatinine clearances were measured. From the data obtained for each child, we generated a geometric "area" representing the magnitude of lead burden integrated over the length of carriage of this burden. Multiple regression analysis indicated that after adjustment for the background variables of age, sex, height, and weight, none of the three parameters--mobilization ratio "area," blood lead level, or FEP level--was a significant contributor to the variation observed in the blood pressures or creatinine clearances of the 38 lead-exposed children (P greater than .05).

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

82090054

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Blood Pressure|*; Creatinine|BL/*UR; Lead Poisoning|*DT/ME; Penicillamine|*TU

MeSH Heading

Body Burden; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Lead|BL; Male; Regression Analysis

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0003-9896

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

CAS Registry/EC Number

52-67-5 (Penicillamine); 60-27-5 (Creatinine); 7439-92-1 (Lead)

Record 99 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Predictors of lead stores in male veterans.

Author

Sokas RK; Weller SC; Stolley PD

Address

Div. of Occupational/Environmental Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.

Source

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 1995, 14:1, 53-9

Abstract

Thirty-two male veterans participated in a study to determine cumulative lead exposure in an urban population. Subjects were chosen on the basis of blood pressure status in order to attempt to compare lead exposure between patients with and without hypertension. Patients currently enrolled in hypertension clinic and on treatment were recruited and matched with controls for age, race, and socioeconomic status. Each subject underwent provocative chelation via slow intravenous infusion of CaNa2 EDTA and 6-h urinary lead measurement and completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Twenty blacks and 12 whites participated, with a median age of 52 years (range: 27 to 72). Urinary lead excretion ranged from below detection limits to frankly toxic levels in an individual with heavy moonshine ingestion. Lead levels were higher than reported in other non-workplace populations. The distribution of lead values was skewed, as expected, with a median excretion of 75 mcg lead/6 h (corresponding to a median 24 degrees post-chelation urinary lead excretion of 286 mcg) and modal values between 50 and 75 micrograms lead. Levels of 95 mcg lead/6 h (corresponding to 24 degrees levels of 333 mcg lead) and above were considered "high" (N = 11) and the remainder were "low" (N = 21). Among those able to recall various characteristics of their first childhood dwellings, the presence of flaking paint in a multiple family dwelling was strongly associated with "high" lead excretion (X2 = 9.32, p = 0.009). Hypertensives excreted slightly more lead than nonhypertensives, although the difference was not statistically significant in this small sample. Lead excretion was not associated with current (treated) blood pressure determinations among hypertensives. However, lead excretion was associated with systolic pressure as recorded on entry to the hypertension clinic (N = 21, R2 = 0.24, p = 0.03).

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

96071975

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Environmental Exposure|*; Housing|*; Hypertension|*UR; Lead|*UR

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Body Burden; Human; Male; Middle Age; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Time Factors; Veterans

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0731-8898

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 100 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Effect of aluminum and lead salts on lipid peroxidation and cell survival in human skin fibroblasts.

Author

Dominguez MC; Sole E; Goñi C; Ballabriga A

Address

Unitat de Recerca BiomÄedica, Hospital Universitari Materno-infantil Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.

Source

Biol Trace Elem Res, 1995 Jan, 47:1-3, 57-67

Abstract

The aim of this study was to see whether aluminum (Al) and lead (Pb) salts are toxic for cultured human fibroblasts under different experimental conditions, in the controllable situation offered by cell cultures. Cell survival and membrane lipid peroxidation served as markers of Al and Pb toxicity. Evaluation of the living cells was carried out using a colorimetric method, the mitochondrial reduction of 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). Lipoperoxidation assay was performed on whole cell homogenates by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) produced after incubation with ascorbic acid-ferrous sulfate. Al(III) and Pb(II) salts (300 microM) produce a considerable decrease in cell survival after an exposure period of 4d, evident with the three fetal calf serum concentrations in the culture media: 2, 5, and 10%. Taking into account in vitro cell aging, the cytotoxic effects of Al(III) and Pb(II) are greater in senescent fibroblasts than in young cells. Lead-induced cytotoxicity is higher than Al-induced cytotoxicity. A mechanism that contributes to cellular toxicity is membrane lipid peroxidation; our results demonstrate that Al(III) and Pb(II) ions, 400 microM, exert an antioxidant-like effect or a pro-oxidant action on cell membranes depending on exposure time. We describe significant increases in TBARS formation associated with the presence of 400 microM Al(III) or Pb(II) salts in the culture media. Our study also revealed that these heavy metals induce a cell age-dependent action on membrane lipoperoxidation that is greater in senescent fibroblasts and this could have severe consequences for maintenance of cellular integrity.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95298522

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Aluminum Compounds|*PD; Lead|*PD; Lipid Peroxidation|*DE; Nitrates|*PD; Skin|*CY/*ME

MeSH Heading

Ascorbic Acid|PD; Cell Aging; Cell Survival|DE; Cells, Cultured; Ferrous Compounds|PD; Fibroblasts|CY/DE/ME; Human; Infant, Newborn; Kinetics; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances|AN; Time Factors

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0163-4984

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

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