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- Search all fields for: lead levels
- Published in 1977 through 1999
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Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Blood lead levels in children and pregnant women living near a
lead-reclamation plant.
- Author
- Levallois P; Lavoie M; Goulet L; Nantel AJ; Gingras S
- Address
- Centre de toxicologie du QuÆebec, Sainte-Foy.
- Source
- CMAJ, 1991 Apr, 144:7, 877-85
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of lead contamination
around a lead-reclamation plant on the blood lead levels of
children and pregnant women living in the area. DESIGN:
Prevalence study. SETTING: Residents living 150 m or less
(high-exposure area), 151 to 400 m (intermediate-exposure area)
or 401 to 800 m (low-exposure area) southeast from the plant.
PARTICIPANTS: All children aged 10 years or less and all
pregnant women living in the designated area. OUTCOME MEASURES:
Correlation of venous blood lead levels with soil lead
concentrations in the areas in which the subjects lived and with
sociodemographic and behavioural factors. MAIN RESULTS: Of the
estimated 57 pregnant women 38 (67%) participated: 20 were in
the high-exposure area and 18 in the other two areas; their
geometric mean blood lead levels were low (0.15 and 0.13 mumol/L
respectively). Of the 625 eligible children 510 (82%)
participated: 169 were in the high-exposure area, 179 in the
intermediate-exposure area and 162 in the low-exposure area;
their geometric mean lead levels were 0.43, 0.30 and 0.26 mumol/L
respectively. Within each age group children in the
high-exposure area had the highest levels. The mean levels for
children aged 6 months to 5 years were 0.49, 0.35 and 0.28 mumol/L
in the three areas respectively. Within each exposure group
children aged 1 to 2 years had the highest levels. No potential
confounding variables could explain the relation between blood
lead level and soil lead concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The
pregnant women's blood lead levels did not seem to be affected
by exposure level, but the children's levels were primarily
related to the soil lead concentration.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91176472
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chemical Industry|*; Environmental Exposure|*; Lead|AN/*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool;
Comparative Study; Dust|AN; Evaluation Studies; Female; Human;
Infant; Lead Poisoning|BL/EP; Male; Pregnancy; Prevalence;
Quebec|EP; Questionnaires; Soil|AN; Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Absorption
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0820-3946
- Country of Publication
- CANADA
Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Childhood lead poisoning. A controlled trial of the effect of
dust-control measures on blood lead levels.
- Author
- Charney E; Kessler B; Farfel M; Jackson D
- Address
-
- Source
- N Engl J Med, 1983 Nov, 309:18, 1089-93
- Abstract
- Lead-contaminated house dust is one factor in childhood lead
poisoning; however, most lead-reduction programs do not
emphasize the control of house dust. We studied whether
lead-reduction plus dust-control measures would lower blood lead
levels in children with Class II or III poisoning (blood lead
levels, 30 to 49 micrograms per deciliter) more effectively than
lead reduction alone. An experimental group of 14 children and a
control group of 35 children whose homes had already been
treated were studied. In experimental homes, sites with elevated
lead levels (greater than 100 micrograms per 930 cm2) were
wet-mopped twice monthly and families were encouraged to clean
and to wash the child's hands frequently. After one year blood
lead levels fell an average of 6.9 micrograms per deciliter in
the experimental group, as compared with 0.7 micrograms per
deciliter in controls (P less than 0.001). Children in the
experimental group with the highest blood lead levels had the
most marked reduction. Four children in the control group (and
none in the experimental group) required chelation therapy for
blood levels greater than 50 micrograms per deciliter. These
results show that a focused dust-control program can reduce
blood lead levels more than standard lead removal in the home.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 84013999
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Dust|AN/*PC; Lead|AN/*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/PC
- MeSH Heading
- Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials; Female; Handwashing;
Housing; Human; Infant; Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support,
U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0028-4793
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Experience in the study of the effects of lead on the health
status of children in Belovo]
- Author
- Revich BA; Bykov AA; Liapunov SM; Prikhozhan AM; Serëgina IF;
Sobolev MB
- Address
-
- Source
- Med Tr Prom Ekol, 1998, :12, 25-32
- Abstract
- Lead releases in Belovo town containing metallurgy enterprise
had reached 120 tons/year earlier, but in recent years have
decreased to 9 tons/year. Reduction of the production induced
decrease of lead levels in the ambient air from 0.7-2.3 mg/m3 in
1994 to 0.001-0.24 mg/m3. Lead concentration in the soil ranges
from 30 to 3000 mg/kg. Lead levels were measured in serum of 91
children, in hair of 67 ones and in teeth of 15 children. Serum
lead levels in children aged 7-8 years varied from 0.5 to 39
mg/dl, with an average of 9.9 mg/dl (SD is 5.2 mg/dl), geometric
mean is 8.5 mg/dl and error of geometric mean is 3.3. 46% of the
children had serum lead levels exceeding the normal one (10
mg/dl). Average lead level in the hair equaled 4.5 mg/g (SD is
4.9 mg/g). The children living in towns with higher
environmental lead levels demonstrated more frequent anxiety and
changes in higher psychic functions. The major points
influencing the serum lead level are proximity to highway,
dietary load of goods grown near the residence, mother's
smoking. Biokinetic model describing lead transfer into the
blood helped to evaluate various modes of the enterprise
functioning and efficiency of some environmental protection
measures. The most efficient are measures aimed to lower dietary
intake of lead, less efficiency is associated with measures
reducing lead levels in air, dust and soil.
- Language of Publication
- Russian
- Unique Identifier
- 99114482
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Pollutants|*AN; Lead|AE/*AN/BL; Lead
Poisoning|*DI/PC
- MeSH Heading
- Age Factors; Child; Comparative Study; English Abstract;
Female; Hair|CH; Higher Nervous Activity|DE; Human; Male;
Manifest Anxiety Scale; Metallurgy; Questionnaires; Risk
Factors; Siberia
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- Country of Publication
- RUSSIA
- CAS Registry/EC Number
- 0 (Environmental Pollutants); 7439-92-1 (Lead)
Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Relationship between lead mining and blood lead levels in
children.
- Author
- Murgueytio AM; Evans RG; Sterling DA; Clardy SA; Shadel BN;
Clements BW
- Address
- Saint Louis University School of Public Health, Division of
Environmental and Occupational Health, Missouri 63108, USA.
- Source
- Arch Environ Health, 1998 Nov-Dec, 53:6, 414-23
- Abstract
- The authors studied blood lead levels of 226 randomly selected
children, aged 6-92 mo, who lived in either a lead-mining area
or a nonmining area, and 69 controls. The authors sought to
determine to what extent mining activities contributed to blood
lead levels in the children. The mean blood lead levels in the
study and control groups were 6.52 microg/dl and 3.43 microg/dl,
respectively. The corresponding proportions of children with
elevated blood lead levels were 17% and 3%. Soil and dust lead
levels were up to 10 times higher in the study than the control
group. Elevated blood lead levels appeared to result from
exposure to both lead-mining waste and lead-based paint. Mining
waste was the cause of the higher prevalence of elevated blood
lead levels in these children.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99101252
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*AE/AN; Hazardous Waste|*AE/AN;
Lead|*AE/AN/BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/*ET; Mining|*
- MeSH Heading
- Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Dust|AE/AN;
Environmental Monitoring; Female; Human; Male; Missouri;
Paint|AE; Questionnaires; Regression Analysis; Residence
Characteristics; Soil Pollutants|AE/AN; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-9896
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
- CAS Registry/EC Number
- 0 (Soil Pollutants); 7439-92-1 (Lead)
Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Blood lead levels of traffic- and gasoline-exposed
professionals in the city of Athens.
- Author
- Kapaki EN; Varelas PN; Syrigou AI; Spanaki MV; Andreadou E;
Kakami AE; Papageorgiou CT
- Address
- Department of Neurology, Athens University School of Medicine,
Aeginition Hospital, Greece.
- Source
- Arch Environ Health, 1998 Jul, 53:4, 287-91
- Abstract
- During the past 10 y, blood lead levels in the population of
Athens, Greece, have decreased steadily. This decrease has
paralleled the reduction of tetraethyl lead in gasoline and the
introduction of unleaded fuel. Blood lead levels and other
parameters were studied in 42 gas-station employees, 47 taxi
drivers, 47 bus drivers, and 36 controls, all of whom worked in
Athens. The blood lead levels did not differ significantly among
the four groups (5.64+/-1.7 microg/dl, 5.96+/-1.7 microg/dl,
5.88+/-1.3 microg/dl, and 5.76+/-1.7 microg/dl, respectively).
Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (i.e., aspartate
aminotransferase) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (i.e.,
alanine aminotransferase) were elevated in gas-station
employees, and the former was elevated in taxi drivers.
Gas-station employees who smoked had higher blood lead levels
than their nonsmoking counterparts. The absence of any
difference in the blood lead levels of individuals for whom
physical examinations were either normal or abnormal suggests
that either lead was not the cause of increased blood lead
levels or that its contribution may have been important in the
past.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98373767
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Air Pollutants, Environmental|*AE; Gasoline|*; Lead
Poisoning|*BL/EN/ET; Occupational Diseases|*BL/EN/ET; Tetraethyl
Lead|*AE; Transportation|*; Urban Health|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Alanine Transaminase|BL; Analysis of Variance;
Aspartate Transaminase|BL; Case-Control Studies; Greece; Human;
Lead|BL; Middle Age; Smoking|AE; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-9896
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- An integrative index of biological effects of lead.
- Author
- Valciukas JA; Lilis R; Petrocci M
- Address
-
- Source
- Am J Ind Med, 1981, 2:3, 261-72
- Abstract
- Biological indicators of lead effects on the central nervous
system (as measured by performance tests), hematogenous bone
marrow (hemoglobin levels) and kidney function (BUN Levels) can
be combined in an integrative index (INDEX). This integrative
index can be in turn related to indicators of lead exposure and
absorption. Such an index was calculated by removing age effects
in measures of performance and kidney function and then
transforming all the variables to Z (standard) units. Secondary
lead smelter workers and a control group were studied. In
secondary lead smelter workers this INDEX was found to be
significantly correlated with ZPP, blood lead levels, and
duration of lead exposure. In this population the magnitude of
the correlation coefficients with ZPP levels was much higher
than than for blood lead levels. INDEX had a higher correlation
with ZPP than with each of its components: performance test
scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels. Although performance test
scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels were shown to discriminate
between the control, non-lead-exposed population, and the
lead-exposed group, INDEX (and particularly one pair of its
components, CNS and hemoglobin levels) achieved the best
discrimination between groups. The concept of an integrative
index of biological effects of lead may be especially useful in
defining populations at high risk for developing chronic,
potentially irreversible neurologic and kidney dysfunction, and
in assessing the severity of lead effects in individual cases.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 82253870
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Health Status Indicators|*; Health Surveys|*; Lead|BL/*PD;
Lead Poisoning|DI/*ME; Metallurgy|*; Occupational
Diseases|*CI/DI; Porphyrins|*BL; Protoporphyrins|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Analysis of Variance; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Comparative Study;
Hematopoietic System|DE; Human; Male; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;
Task Performance and Analysis; United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0271-3586
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead exposure: effects in Israel.
- Author
- Richter ED; Neiman S; Yaffe Y; Gruener N
- Address
-
- Source
- Isr J Med Sci, 1980 Feb, 16:2, 89-95
- Abstract
- Blood lead levels and parallel ambient lead exposure levels
were studied in selected Israeli population groups. The studies
were prompted by newly emerging findings on subtle renal,
hematologic and neurobehavioral effects of low levels of
exposure to lead in both children and adults. There was a high
correlation (r = 0.89) between individual blood lead levels in
the groups studied and free erythroprotoporphyrin, a measure of
the toxic effect of lead on hemoglobin synthesis. Hemoglobin
depression was weakly associated (r = 0.66) with rises in blood
lead levels. Blood lead and free erythroprotoporphyrin
determinations can be jointly used in screening for lead
toxicity and iron deficiency. Our data suggest that the
Jerusalem population at large is experiencing lead exposure in
the range of rural USA levels, but that in Israel there are
several foci of medically significant exposure requiring a
comprehensive approach to control of occupational and
environmental hazards. Furthermore, children of workers from
high-exposure locations may face an additional risk.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 80159221
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|AN/*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/DI/ET
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants, Environmental|AN; Child; Female; Heme|AN;
Hemoglobins|AN; Human; Israel; Male; Maximum Permissible
Exposure Level; Occupational Diseases|CI; Protoporphyrins|BL;
Risk
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2180
- Country of Publication
- ISRAEL
Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Management of childhood lead poisoning: a survey [see
comments]
- Author
- Glotzer DE; Bauchner H
- Address
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston City Hospital, MA 02118.
- Source
- Pediatrics, 1992 Apr, 89:4 Pt 1, 614-8
- Abstract
- Published recommendations (1985) for the management of
childhood lead poisoning suggest the use of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) provocation testing and
chelation as the mainstay of treatment for blood lead levels
between 25 and 55 micrograms/dL. Since 1985 evidence has
accumulated indicating that (1) levels of blood lead less than
25 micrograms/dL are detrimental to cognitive development, (2)
EDTA provocation testing may result in potentially harmful
shifts in the body lead burden, and (3) oral agents such as
penicillamine and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid are effective in
reducing elevated lead levels. To determine how this evidence
impacts on the management of childhood lead poisoning, the
authors surveyed the lead poisoning clinics of pediatric
departments in the cities estimated by the United States Public
Health Service to have the largest number of children affected
by lead poisoning. Thirty (70%) of 43 surveys were completed.
Respondents indicated that the lowest blood lead level for which
they would use a chelating agent to reduce the lead burden was
as follows: 50 micrograms/dL (3%), 45 micrograms/dL (3%), 40
micrograms/dL (13%), 35 micrograms/dL (3%), 30 micrograms/dL
(27%), 25 micrograms/dL (47%), and 20 micrograms/dL (3%). For
all blood lead levels from 20 through 55 micrograms/dL, EDTA was
the most frequently recommended chelating agent (chelation and
provocation testing). Fifteen percent of responding lead clinics
do not use the provocation test under any circumstances. For a
child with a negative EDTA provocation test, the percentage of
respondents recommending the use of any chelation therapy ranged
from 16% for blood lead levels of 25 through 29 micrograms/dL to
66% for levels of 50 through 55 micrograms/dL.(ABSTRACT
TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92212631
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chelating Agents|*TU; Lead Poisoning|BL/*DT
- MeSH Heading
- Child; Clinical Protocols; Drug Utilization; Edetic Acid|DU/TU;
Human; Lead|BL; Penicillamine|TU; Succimer|TU; Support, U.S.
Gov't, P.H.S.; United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead
levels of smokers.
- Author
- Dawson EB; Evans DR; Harris WA; Teter MC; McGanity WJ
- Address
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the University of
Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555-0587, USA.
- Source
- J Am Coll Nutr, 1999 Apr, 18:2, 166-70
- Abstract
- BACKGROUND: The study subjects were 75 adult men (20 to 30
years of age), who smoked one pack of cigarettes per day
(minimum) and had no clinical signs of ascorbic acid deficiency
or lead toxicity. None had a history of industrial exposure to
lead, and the blood-lead levels were anticipated to be below
1.45 micromol/L, the minimum blood level associated with
toxicity symptoms. METHODS: The men were randomly assigned to
three study groups of 25, and each group was provided a
four-week supply of one level of daily ascorbic acid supplements
(placebo, 200 mg or 1000 mg of ascorbic acid). We measured
baseline and weekly serum and urine ascorbic-acid levels as well
as blood and urine lead levels. The weekly group means and
variations of the measured data were statistically compared by
means of ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The serum
ascorbic-acid levels of the groups receiving ascorbic acid
increased significantly after one week (p< or =.001). There
was no effect of placebo or 200 mg ascorbic-acid supplementation
on the blood or urine lead levels. However, there was a 81%
decrease in blood-lead levels in the 1000 mg ascorbic acid group
after one week of supplementation (p< or =.001). CONCLUSIONS:
Daily supplementation with 1000 mg of ascorbic acid results in a
significant decrease of blood-lead levels associated with the
general population. Ascorbic acid supplementation may provide an
economical and convenient method of reducing blood-lead levels,
possibly by reducing the intestinal absorption of lead.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99219527
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|BL/*TU/UR; Dietary Supplements|*; Lead|*BL/UR;
Lead Poisoning|*ET/ME/PC; Smoking|*AE
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Human; Male
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
- ISSN
- 0731-5724
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 10 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Neurocognitive effects of chronic lead intoxication in Andean
children.
- Author
- Counter SA; Buchanan LH; Rosas HD; Ortega F
- Address
- Department of Neurology/Biological Laboratories, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. allen_Counter@harvard.edu
- Source
- J Neurol Sci, 1998 Sep 18, 160:1, 47-53
- Abstract
- Lead (Pb) intoxication in children has been associated with
neurodevelopmental disabilities which may result in motor and
cognitive impairment. We conducted blood lead (PbB)
measurements, neurological examinations and cognitive tests on
children living in Ecuadorian villages where Pb is used
extensively in the glazing of ceramics. Group I consisted of 55
children with a mean PbB level of 48.0 microg/dl (SD: 26.4,
range: 9.2-119.1 microg/dl) who received PbB tests and complete
neurological examinations. An appreciable number of the children
with elevated PbB levels were normal on specific components of
the neurological examination. Among the children who showed
neurological deficits, higher PbB levels were associated with
abnormal tendon reflexes, finger tapping, visual pursuit, size
discrimination, draw-a-person, and math calculation skills.
Group II consisted of 41 children with a mean PbB level of 47.4
microg/dl (SD: 22.0, range: 6.6-84.7 microg/dl) who were
administered Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM)
non-verbal reasoning test. Performance on RCPM was abnormal in
22 (53.7%) of 41 children. Children with abnormal RCPM scores
had higher PbB levels (t-test: P=0.030). There was a significant
inverse correlation between RCPM scores and PbB levels for
children ages 9 years and older (r=-0.618, P=0.011). Males had
higher mean PbB levels as a function of age than females
(t-test: P=0.037), and more males showed neurocognitive
deficits. The results demonstrate a range of neurological
responses in children with chronically elevated PbB levels from
apparent exceptional neuro-physiological tolerance of PbB
intoxication, to some fine motor and cognitive deficits.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99019261
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cognition Disorders|*CI/DI/EP; Lead Poisoning|EP/*PX; Nervous
System Diseases|*CI/DI/EP
- MeSH Heading
- Ceramics; Child; Child, Preschool; Comparative Study;
Ecuador|EP; Environmental Exposure; Female; Human; Industry;
Lead|BL; Male; Neurologic Examination; Neuropsychological Tests;
Occupational Exposure; Psychomotor Performance
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0022-510X
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
- CAS Registry/EC Number
- 0 (Ceramics); 7439-92-1 (Lead)
Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Occupational lead poisoning in the United States: clinical and
biochemical findings related to blood lead levels.
- Author
- Baker EL Jr; Landrigan PJ; Barbour AG; Cox DH; Folland DS;
Ligo RN; Throckmorton J
- Address
-
- Source
- Br J Ind Med, 1979 Nov, 36:4, 314-22
- Abstract
- Dose-response relationships between blood lead levels and
toxic effects have been evaluated in 160 lead workers in two
smelters and a chemicals plant. Blood lead levels ranged from
0.77 to 13.51 mumol/litre (16-280 microgram/dl). Clinical
evidence of toxic exposure was found in 70 workers (44%),
including colic in 33, wrist or ankle extensor muscle weakness
in 12, anaemia (Hgb less than 8.69 mumol/litre (Hb/4) or 14.0
gm/dl) in 27, elevated blood urea nitrogen (greater than or
equal to 7.14 mmol/litre or 20 mg/dl) in 28, and possible
encephalopathy in two. No toxicity was detected at blood lead
levels below 1.93 mumol/litre (40 microgram/dl). However, 13% of
workers with blood lead levels of 1.93 to 3.81 mumol/litre
(40-79 microgram/dl) had extensor muscle weakness or
gastrointestinal symptoms. Anaemia was found in 5% of workers
with lead levels of 1.93-2.85 mumol/litre (40-59 microgram/dl),
in 14% with levels of 2.90 to 3.81 mumol/litre (60-79
microgram/dl), and in 36% with levels greater than or equal to
3.86 mumol/litre (80 microgram/dl). Elevated blood urea nitrogen
occurred in long-term lead workers. All but three workers with
increased blood urea nitrogen had at least four years
occupational lead exposure, and nine had received oral
chelation; eight of this group had reduced creatinine clearance,
and eight had decreased renal concentrating ability. These data
support the establishment of a permissible biological limit for
blood lead at a level between 1.93 and 2.90 mumol/litre (40-60
microgram/dl).
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 80065417
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/EP; Occupational Diseases|*CI/EP
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants, Occupational|AN; Anemia|CI; Blood Urea
Nitrogen; Chemical Industry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;
Gastrointestinal Diseases|CI; Human; Kidney Function Tests;
Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Metallurgy; Neuromuscular
Diseases|CI; United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0007-1072
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Blood lead levels in South African inner-city children.
- Author
- von Schirnding Y; Bradshaw D; Fuggle R; Stokol M
- Address
- Research Institute for Environmental Diseases, Medical
Research Council, South Africa.
- Source
- Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Aug, 94:, 125-30
- Abstract
- Little is known about childhood lead absorption in South
Africa. In this study a cross-sectional analytic survey was
carried out to determine the blood lead levels and associated
risk factors for inner-city, first-grade schoolchildren. Blood
lead analyses, hematological and anthropometric measurements
were conducted, and a pretested questionnaire was administered
to parents to identify risk factors for lead exposure. In a
detailed environmental study, daily air and dust samples were
collected over a period of 1 year from several sites in the
study area, contemporaneously with the blood and questionnaire
surveys. Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric lead
were determined. It was found that 13% of mixed race children,
but no white children, had blood lead levels greater than or
equal to 25 micrograms/dL, the U.S. action level. Air lead
levels averaged around 1 microgram/m3, and dust lead levels
ranged from 410 to 3620 ppm. Environmental lead levels were
significantly elevated near heavy traffic, where Environmental
Protection Agency standards were exceeded mainly during winter
months. Baseline exposure was of significance in influencing
blood lead levels of children attending schools in direct
proximity to heavy traffic, where blood lead levels were
elevated irrespective of other influencing factors. Primary and
secondary preventive measures are urgently needed in South
Africa to reduce environmental lead exposure. At the time of the
study, South Africa had one of the highest levels of lead in
gasoline in the Western World, namely, 0.836 g/L. Although
levels have subsequently been reduced, this is typical of the
situation in many African countries today.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92063916
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|BL/*EP
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants, Environmental|AE/AN; Child; Cross-Sectional
Studies; Human; South Africa|EP; Urban Population; Vehicle
Emissions|AE/AN
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0091-6765
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 13 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Lead exposure in the ceramic tile industry: time trends and
current exposure levels]
- Author
- Candela S; Ferri F; Olmi M
- Address
- Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL),
Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia.
- Source
- Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1998, 34:1, 137-43
- Abstract
- There is a high density of industries for the production of
ceramic tiles in the District of Scandiano (province of Reggio
Emilia, Emilia Romagna region). In this area, since the
beginning of 1970s, the time trend of Pb exposure in ceramic
tile plants has been evaluated by means of biological monitoring
(BM) data collected at the Service of Prevention and Safety in
the Work Environment and its associated Toxicology Laboratory.
From these data, a clear decreasing time trend of exposure
levels is documented, the reduction being more evident during
the seventies and in 1985-88. During the seventies BM was
introduced systematically in all ceramic tile plants with the
determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (ALA-U). As
a consequence of the BM programme, hygienic measures for the
abatement of pollution inside the plants were implemented, and a
reduction, from 20.6% to 2%, of ALA-U values exceeding 10 mg/l,
was observed. In 1985, the determination of lead in blood (PbB)
replaced that of ALA-U in the BM programmes and highlighted the
persistence of high level of exposure to Pb, which could not be
outlined by means of ALA-U because of its lower sensitivity. PbB
levels were 36.1 micrograms/100 ml and 25.7 micrograms/100 ml in
male and female workers, respectively. These results required
the implementation, within the plants, of additional hygienic
measures and a significant reduction of PbB was obtained in the
following three years. In 1988 PbB levels were 26.0 +/- 10.7 and
21.6 +/- 10.3 micrograms/100 ml in male and female workers,
respectively. In 1993-95 Pb levels were obtained from 1328 male
and 771 female workers of 56 plants, accounting for about 40% of
the total number of workers in the ceramic industry, in the
zones of Sassuolo and Scandiano. Exposure levels are not
different from those observed in the preceding years, with PbB
levels of 25.3 +/- 11.1 and 19.1 +/- 9.2 micrograms/100 ml in
male and female workers, respectively.
- Language of Publication
- Italian
- Unique Identifier
- 98344295
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Air Pollutants, Occupational|AE/*AN; Ceramics|*; Environmental
Monitoring|*; Industry|*; Lead|AE/*BL; Occupational Exposure|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Air Pollution|PC; Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Biological
Markers; English Abstract; Female; Human; Lead Poisoning|EP/PC;
Male; Mass Screening; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Middle
Age; Occupational Diseases|CI/EP/PC; Occupations; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2571
- Country of Publication
- ITALY
Record 14 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Blood lead levels during pregnancy in th the newborn period.
Study of the population of Bari]
- Author
- Carbone R; Laforgia N; Crollo E; Mautone A; Iolascon A
- Address
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina dell'EtÄa Evolutiva, UniversitÄa
degli Studi, Bari.
- Source
- Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1998, 34:1, 117-9
- Abstract
- Blood lead levels during pregnancy and in neonates immediately
after birth have been evaluated, showing higher values in
mothers compared to neonates (5.81 +/- 3.05 vs 4.87 +/- 3.60
micrograms/100 ml) and a positive correlation between maternal
and neonatal levels (r = 0.82). On the basis of the results
derived from the population examined, it has been observed that
6% of newborns have blood lead levels higher than 10
micrograms/100 ml a value recently identified by the Centers for
Disease Control (CDC, Atlanta, USA) as a limit for toxicity in
children. Moreover, neonatal Pb levels were higher than those
found in infants from 6 to 12 months (4.87 +/- 3.60 vs 2.24 +/-
0.54 micrograms/100 ml). During the first week of life there is
a steady decrease of blood lead levels, together with increasing
renal lead excretion. This study was carried out at the "Dipartimento
di Biomedicina dell'Età Evolutiva" University of Bari,
southern Italy.
- Language of Publication
- Italian
- Unique Identifier
- 98344292
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Infant, Newborn|*BL; Lead|AE/*BL; Pregnancy|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- English Abstract; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Fetal
Blood|CH; Human; Infant; Italy|EP; Lead Poisoning|EP/PC; Mass
Screening; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Maximum Permissible Exposure
Level; Urban Population
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2571
- Country of Publication
- ITALY
Record 15 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Efficacy of succimer chelation for reducing brain Pb levels in
a rodent model.
- Author
- Smith D; Bayer L; Strupp BJ
- Address
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of
California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA.
- Source
- Environ Res, 1998 Aug, 78:2, 168-76
- Abstract
- Increasing evidence indicates that early low-level lead (Pb)
exposure produces enduring cognitive impairment in children,
underscoring the need to develop improved therapeutic
intervention. Although chelating agents have been shown to
effectively reduce body Pb levels, it is not yet known whether
this treatment ameliorates Pb-induced cognitive dysfunction.
Clinical research in this area is hampered by the need to rely
on reductions in blood Pb levels as the index of treatment
efficacy, despite the fact that brain Pb level is the exposure
parameter of greatest relevance to neurocognitive outcomes. The
present studies were designed to provide information that will
aid future research in this area in both human and animal
models. The objectives of these studies were (1) to evaluate the
efficacy of different doses and durations of succimer
(meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid; DMSA) chelation for reducing
brain and blood Pb levels and (2) to determine the extent to
which blood Pb can serve as a surrogate of brain Pb following
chelation. Long-Evans hooded rats were exposed to Pb from birth
until day 31 (Study 1) or day 40 (Study 2) of life, followed by
oral treatment with a vehicle or one of two succimer regimens
for a duration of either 7 or 21 days. Results indicated that 7
days of succimer treatment produced a 1.5- to 2.5-fold greater
reduction of Pb in blood than in brain, relative to time-matched
vehicle groups. Prolonged treatment (21) days did not further
reduce blood Pb levels (relative to 7-day succimer treatment),
but did produce further reductions in brain Pb level compared to
time-matched vehicle groups. Thus, chelation-mediated reductions
in brain Pb did not parallel reductions in blood Pb over the
course of treatment. While the relevance of these data to humans
may be confounded by anatomical and physiological differences
between rodents and primates, as well as differences in the
metabolism of succimer (DMSA), they suggest that clinical
studies should exercise caution when using blood Pb as an index
of the efficacy of chelation treatment for reducing brain Pb
levels.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98394049
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Brain|*ME; Chelating Agents|AD/*TU; Cognition Disorders|CI/*PC;
Lead|AN/BL/*ME; Lead Poisoning|CO/*DT; Succimer|AD/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Administration, Oral; Animal; Animals, Newborn; Brain
Chemistry; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship,
Drug; Female; Male; Random Allocation; Rats; Support, U.S. Gov't,
Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 16 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of repeated occupational exposure to lead, cessation of
exposure, and chelation on levels of lead in bone.
- Author
- Hu H; Pepper L; Goldman R
- Address
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and
Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
- Source
- Am J Ind Med, 1991, 20:6, 723-35
- Abstract
- A sensitive K-X-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) instrument was used
to measure lead levels in the tibia and patella on a series of
twelve subjects who had relatively well-documented histories of
lead exposure and blood lead levels. For some subjects, K-XRF
measurements were taken at multiple points in time, and before
and after chelation with EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic
acid). Results confirm that K-XRF measured bone lead levels
correspond to cumulative blood lead indices and not to current
blood lead levels. Moreover, the data suggest that bone lead
levels; (1) correspond to urinary lead following the EDTA
mobilization test unless previous chelation has occurred; (2)
rise initially after lead exposure ceases and blood lead levels
decrease, probably from redistribution from soft tissue, and
then fall; and (3) do not decrease with a 3- to 5-day course of
therapeutic EDTA chelation. K-XRF levels in the patella were
noted to decrease more rapidly than levels in the tibia after
cessation of lead exposure, a finding that probably reflects the
greater turnover of lead in trabecular bone than in cortical
bone.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92214451
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bone and Bones|*ME; Edetic Acid|*TU; Lead|*AE/ME; Occupational
Diseases|*ME; Occupational Exposure|*AE
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Fluorescence; Human; Infusions, Intravenous; Lead
Poisoning|ME; Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0271-3586
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 17 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- An integrated exposure/pharmacokinetic based approach to the
assessment of complex exposures. Lead: a case study.
- Author
- DeRosa CT; Choudhury H; Peirano WB
- Address
- Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
- Source
- Toxicol Ind Health, 1991 Jul, 7:4, 231-48
- Abstract
- A problem in evaluating the hazard represented by an
environmental toxicant is that exposures can occur via multiple
media such as water, land, and air. Lead is one of the toxicants
of concern that has been associated with adverse effects on heme
metabolism, serum vitamin D levels, and the mental and physical
development of infants and children exposed at very low
environmental levels. Effects of lead on development are
particularly disturbing in that the consequences of early delays
or deficits in physical or mental development may have long-term
consequences over the lifetime of affected individuals.
Experimental and epidemiologic studies have indicated that blood
lead levels in the range of 10-15 micrograms/dl, or possibly
lower, are likely to produce subclinical toxicity. Since a
discernible threshold has not been demonstrated, it is prudent
to preclude development of a Reference Dose (RfD) for lead. As
an alternate, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.
EPA) has developed the uptake/biokinetic lead model that
provides a means for evaluating the relative contribution of
various media to establishing blood lead levels in children.
This approach will allow for the identification of site- and
situation-specific abatement strategies based on projected blood
lead levels in vulnerable human populations exposed to lead in
air, diet, water, soil/dust, and paint; thus making it possible
to evaluate regulatory decisions concerning each medium on blood
levels and potential health effects.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92132893
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*; Lead|BL/*PK
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Lead Poisoning|PC; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level;
Models, Biological; Reference Standards; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0748-2337
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 18 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of lead acetate on rats fed diets containing low levels
of folic acid.
- Author
- Rader JI; Celesk EM; Peeler JT; Mahaffey KR
- Address
-
- Source
- Drug Nutr Interact, 1982, 1:2, 131-42
- Abstract
- Nutritional factors such as deficiencies of calcium, iron, and
protein alter susceptibility to the toxic effects of lead. While
the suggestion has been made that vitamins may also influence
lead toxicity, possible interactions have not been well
documented. The present studies were performed to determine if a
dietary deficiency of folic acid enhances the susceptibility to
rats of the toxic effects of lead acetate. Lead exposure during
the development of folate deficiency resulted in alterations in
two of the parameters diagnostic of the individual conditions.
Decreases in erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) occur
during lead poisoning, while increases occur during the
development of folate deficiency. In the present study,
significant reductions in MCV were observed in both the control
+ lead and in the low folate + lead groups. The increased MCV
characteristic of folate deficiency was prevented by the
concomitant lead exposure. Elevations in free erythrocyte
protoporphyrin (FEP) levels are characteristic of lead
intoxication; in contrast, FEP levels decline during folate
deficiency. In the present study, FEP levels were significantly
elevated only in the control + lead group. Values in the low
folate + lead group were intermediate between those of the
control and the control + lead groups, but did not differ
significantly from those in the low folate group. The expected
lead-induced elevation in FEP levels was diminished by the
reduced erythropoiesis characteristic of folate deficiency.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 85003202
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Folic Acid Deficiency|ME/*PP; Lead Poisoning|BL/ME/*PP
- MeSH Heading
- Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Animal; Diet; Erythrocytes|ME; Folic
Acid|AA/ME; Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase|ME; Lead|ME; Liver|ME;
Male; Protoporphyrins|BL; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0272-3530
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 19 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead exposure among mothers and their newborns in Toronto.
- Author
- Koren G; Chang N; Gonen R; Klein J; Weiner L; Demshar H;
Pizzolato S; Radde I; Shime J
- Address
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto,
Ont.
- Source
- CMAJ, 1990 Jun, 142:11, 1241-4
- Abstract
- Recent studies have suggested that a fetal blood lead level of
0.48 mumol/L (much lower than 1.21 mumol/L, which is the level
previously believed to be toxic to the developing brain) may
impair brain development permanently. We measured the maternal
and umbilical cord blood levels of lead and free erythrocyte
protoporphyrin (FEP) among 95 consecutive mother-infant pairs to
determine whether neonates in Toronto are in the high-risk
group. There was a significant correlation between the maternal
and the cord blood lead levels (r = 0.59, p less than 0.0001).
Most (99%) of the infants had cord blood lead levels below 0.34
mumol/L; in 11 cases the levels were below the detection limit
of 0.01 mumol/L. The cord blood FEP levels were higher than the
maternal levels. The US Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta,
currently finds acceptable a blood FEP level of 0.62 mumol/L
among children up to 10 years of age; however, this is not
applicable to newborns since their higher FEP levels apparently
reflect immature heme synthesis and increased erythrocyte volume
rather than lead poisoning. Our data suggest that living in
Toronto does not impose increased teratogenic risk from
intrauterine exposure to lead; however, residents in high-risk
areas should be followed up.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90263026
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Fetal Blood|*AN; Lead|*BL; Maternal-Fetal Exchange|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Environmental Exposure; Female; Human; Infant, Newborn;
Lead Poisoning|BL; Male; Ontario; Pregnancy; Protoporphyrins|BL;
Risk Factors; Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0820-3946
- Country of Publication
- CANADA
Record 20 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Determinants of blood lead levels in Saudi Arabian
schoolgirls.
- Author
- Al Saleh I; Nester M; DeVol E; Shinwari N; Al Shahria S
- Address
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal
Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
- Source
- Int J Occup Environ Health, 1999 Apr, 5:2, 107-14
- Abstract
- Blood lead levels were measured in 538 girls aged 6 to 12
years who attended primary public schools in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia. Of the 538 screened children, 24.4% had blood lead
levels > or =10 microg/dL, the Centers for Disease Control's
level of concern. Variation in the blood lead levels was
investigated with respect to a number of risk factors. The main
determinant of blood lead levels was the regional location of
the school. Pupils who attended schools located in the Central
region of Riyadh had significantly higher blood lead
concentrations than did pupils who attended schools in the
peripheral areas. This is most likely to be due to the heavy
vehicular emissions in the Central region. Other variables such
as low family income, grade, and application of kohl to the
child's eyes and/or umbilicus at birth were also contributors to
the blood lead levels. These observations emphasize the
importance of health education programs to promote the reduction
of lead exposure in the general population.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99264448
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*AN; Lead|AE/*BL; Lead Poisoning|*EP/ET
- MeSH Heading
- Child; Cosmetics|AE; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Human;
Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Saudi Arabia|EP;
Socioeconomic Factors; Sulfides|AE
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 1077-3525
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 21 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Blood lead levels in incinerator workers.
- Author
- Malkin R; Brandt Rauf P; Graziano J; Parides M
- Address
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Sciences,
Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.
- Source
- Environ Res, 1992 Oct, 59:1, 265-70
- Abstract
- Questions have been raised concerning the safety of mass burn
incineration and its role in solid waste management. In 1989,
the New York City Office of Occupational Safety and Health
examined air levels of metals in New York City incinerators and
found that workers were exposed to air lead levels as high as
2500 micrograms/m3 while cleaning the electrostatic
precipitators in the plant. In order to determine the biologic
significance of these exposures to the workers, blood samples
were taken from 56 incinerator workers and 25 controls and
analyzed for lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels.
Incinerator workers were found to have a mean blood lead of 11.0
micrograms/dl as compared to the control group level of 7.4
micrograms/dl. Risk factors for increased blood lead levels were
analyzed using multiple regression analyses. Wearing a personal
protective device "always" or not and the interaction
of smoking and cleaning the precipitator more than seven times
in the past year were found to be significant predictors for
blood lead. These results indicate that lead in municipal
incinerator ash from electrostatic precipitators is bioavailable
and that the effects of such exposure can be minimized by
wearing personal protective devices, not smoking, and rotating
the work force to minimize precipitator ash contact.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93049086
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Air Pollutants, Occupational|*AE; Lead|AE/*BL; Occupational
Diseases|*BL/CI/EP; Refuse Disposal|*/MT
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Lead Poisoning|BL/EP; New York City|EP; Occupational
Health; Protoporphyrins|BL
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 22 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Iron depletion and blood lead levels in a population with
endemic lead poisoning.
- Author
- Hershko C; Konijn AM; Moreb J; Link G; Grauer F; Weissenberg E
- Address
-
- Source
- Isr J Med Sci, 1984 Nov, 20:11, 1039-43
- Abstract
- The effect of iron depletion on blood lead levels was studied
in a group of 558 schoolchildren aged 10 to 18 residing in two
West Bank Arab villages with a high prevalence of excessive lead
exposure and clinical lead poisoning. Thirty percent of the
subjects studied had whole-blood lead levels greater than 30
micrograms/dl, and 45% had whole-blood zinc erythrocyte
protoporphyrin greater than 50 micrograms/dl. The percentage of
abnormal blood lead values in subjects with normal serum
ferritin and transferrin saturation (31%) was similar to that in
subjects with one (28%) or two (25%) abnormal iron parameters.
Likewise, there was no correlation between serum ferritin and
blood lead levels in individual patients (r = 0.059). Normal
distribution plots and mean levels of blood lead (27.3
micrograms/dl) were identical in the iron-deficient and
iron-replete groups. These findings indicate that iron depletion
does not affect blood lead levels and suggest that in man,
unlike in experimental animals, iron depletion may not have a
significant effect on lead absorption.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 85079113
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ferritin|*BL; Iron|*DF; Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Blood Cell Count; Child; Erythrocytes|ME; Female;
Human; Israel|EH; Male; Protoporphyrins|BL
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2180
- Country of Publication
- ISRAEL
Record 23 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Repeated bone lead levels in Queensland, Australia--previously
a high lead environment.
- Author
- Price J; Grudzinski AW; Craswell PW; Thomas BJ
- Address
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Royal
Brisbane Hospital, Australia.
- Source
- Arch Environ Health, 1992 Jul, 47:4, 256-62
- Abstract
- Bone lead levels (finger and tibia) were measured, both in
vivo and in vitro, with an x-ray fluorescence technique. In vivo
finger-bone lead levels of 105 volunteers were estimated and
subsequently re-estimated after a 5-y period. In many instances,
elevated levels in some of these individuals probably resulted
from lead ingested during childhood (i.e., more than 60 y ago).
A decline in finger-bone lead from the initial value was
accompanied by a mean finger-bone lead half-life of 6.2 y (n =
25); many individual's half-life values were less than 3.0 y.
Perhaps one reason for these low values is the special
propensity of finger bone to resorption during the involutional
period, at which time there are high levels of circulating
parathormone.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92359579
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*; Fingers|*RA; Lead|*CH/PK; Lead
Poisoning|DT/EP/*RA; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission|IS/*MT/ST;
Tibia|CH/*RA
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Incidence; Metacarpus;
Middle Age; Queensland|EP
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-9896
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 24 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Urban lead levels in Minneapolis: the case of the Hmong
children.
- Author
- Mielke HW; Blake B; Burroughs S; Hassinger N
- Address
-
- Source
- Environ Res, 1984 Jun, 34:1, 64-76
- Abstract
- This study uses soil lead as a means of describing the urban
lead levels in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities, and
assesses the soil lead levels next to homes of neighborhoods of
the metropolitan area. Lead levels of rural soils are around 5
micrograms/g. Near the city limits they increase to 25-50
micrograms/g, and in the central business district they are
around 500 to 1000 micrograms/g, or over 100 times greater than
in the rural areas. Many Hmong children are suffering from undue
lead absorption. The homes of the Hmong children were all
located in inner-city neighborhoods. Soil around these homes was
compared to soils around homes of a neighborhood away from the
inner city. Fifty percent of the Hmong children with lead
poisoning inhabit homes which have soil lead levels of 500-999
micrograms/g and 40% live in homes with lead levels of 1000
micrograms/g or more. One home of ten in the outer city has soil
lead levels above 500 micrograms/g. The lead sources of the
inner city include house paint and leaded gasoline from vehicle
traffic. Raising children in high lead environments as found in
the Minneapolis inner city has long-term implications because of
mental and behavioral deficits that are known to result from
chronic exposure to lead.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 84207832
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Health|*; Lead|*AN; Lead Poisoning|*EP; Soil|*AN; Urban
Health|*
- MeSH Heading
- Body Burden; Child; Child, Preschool; Emigration and
Immigration; Environmental Exposure; Human; Infant; Laos|EH;
Minnesota; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 25 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of lead poisoning screening
strategies following the 1997 guidelines of the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
- Author
- Kemper AR; Bordley WC; Downs SM
- Address
- Children's Primary Care Research Group, Department of
Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
27599-7225, USA. akemper@med.unc.edu
- Source
- Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1998 Dec, 152:12, 1202-8
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare blood lead (BPb) poisoning screening
strategies in light of the 1997 recommendations by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. DESIGN:
Cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the health
care system to compare the following 4 screening strategies: (1)
universal screening of venous BPb levels; (2) universal
screening of capillary BPb levels; (3) targeted screening of
venous BPb levels for those at risk; and (4) targeted screening
of capillary BPb levels for those at risk. Costs of follow-up
testing and treatment were included in the model. RESULTS: Only
universal venous screening detected all BPb levels of at least
0.48 micromol/L (10 microg/dL). Universal capillary screening
detected between 93.2% and 95.5% of cases, depending on the
prevalence of elevated BPb levels. Targeted screening was the
least sensitive strategy for detecting cases. Venous testing
identified between 77.3% and 77.9% of cases, and capillary
testing detected between 72.7% and 72.8% of cases. In
high-prevalence populations, universal venous screening
minimized the cost per case ($490). In low- and
medium-prevalence populations, targeted screening using venous
testing minimized the cost per case ($729 and $556,
respectively). In all populations, regardless of screening
strategy, venous testing resulted in a lower cost per case than
capillary testing. Sensitivity analyses of all parameters in
this model demonstrated that this conclusion is robust.
CONCLUSIONS: Universal screening detects all cases of lead
poisoning and is the most cost-effective strategy in
high-prevalence populations. In populations with lower
prevalence, the cost per case detected using targeted screening
is less than that of universal screening. The benefit of
detecting a greater number of cases using universal screening
must be weighed against the extra cost of screening. Regardless
of whether a strategy of universal or targeted screening is
used, the cost per case using venous testing is less than that
of capillary testing.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99072250
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|BL/*EC/*PC/TH; Mass Screening|*EC/MT
- MeSH Heading
- Capillaries; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(U.S.); Cost-Benefit Analysis; Human; Population Surveillance;
Practice Guidelines; Prevalence; Risk; Sensitivity and
Specificity; United States; Veins
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 1072-4710
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 26 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead poisoning in a child after a gunshot injury.
- Author
- Kikano GE; Stange KC
- Address
- Department of Family Medicine, University Hospitals of
Cleveland, OH 44106.
- Source
- J Fam Pract, 1992 Apr, 34:4, 498-500, 502, 504
- Abstract
- Lead poisoning is a common disease that, if not detected, can
lead to developmental delay and other serious sequelae. We
report the case of a child with retained intracranial lead
pellets from a gunshot injury, in whom elevated blood lead
levels were detected approximately 1 year after the injury. No
environmental source of lead was found, and a twin sister living
in the same dwelling had considerably lower lead levels. The
patient's lead levels diminished after each of four courses of
chelation, but rebounded each time to potentially toxic levels
after termination of therapy. Physicians should be particularly
alert in screening for elevated lead levels in children with
retained bullet fragments. In patients in whom removal of the
bullet fragments is impractical, the potential risks of
long-term chelation therapy must be weighed against the risks of
lead toxicity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92211309
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead Poisoning|BL/*ET/TH; Wounds, Gunshot|*CO
- MeSH Heading
- Case Report; Chelation Therapy; Child, Preschool; Female;
Foreign Bodies|BL; Human; Lead|BL; Male; Orbit; Paranasal
Sinuses
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0094-3509
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 27 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Secular trend in blood lead levels in a cohort of Mexico City
children.
- Author
- Rothenberg SJ; Schnaas L; Perroni E; Hernández RM; Karchmer S
- Address
- Center for Research in Population Health, National Institute
of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
- Source
- Arch Environ Health, 1998 May, 53:3, 231-5
- Abstract
- We determined the secular trend in blood lead levels in a
cohort of 104 children born in Mexico City between 1987 and
1993. We grouped children by the calendar year in which they
reached 6 mo of age and measured blood lead levels every 6 mo
until they attained 36 mo of age. The overall geometric mean
blood lead level was 9.6 microg/dl (range = 1.5-59.5 microg/dl).
A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a highly
significant linear trend in blood lead level with year (p <
.001); there was a maximum decrease of 7.6 microg/dl between
1989 and 1993. There was a highly significant quadratic age
effect (p < .001); blood lead levels rose between 6 and 18 mo
of age and decreased thereafter. There was a marginally
significant interaction between age of the child and year.
Family use of lead-glazed pottery significantly elevated blood
lead levels (p = .028). The downward trend in blood lead levels
during the time period of study corresponded to the reduction in
various sources of lead exposure.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99029857
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*PK; Lead Poisoning|BL/DI/*EP; Urban Health|*TD
- MeSH Heading
- Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental
Exposure|AE; Female; Human; Incidence; Infant; Male; Mexico|EP;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-9896
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 28 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead poisoning in cattle--transfer of lead to milk.
- Author
- Oskarsson A; Jorhem L; Sundberg J; Nilsson NG; Albanus L
- Address
- Toxicology Laboratory, National Food Administration, Uppsala,
Sweden.
- Source
- Sci Total Environ, 1992 Jan, 111:2-3, 83-94
- Abstract
- The transfer of lead to milk in cattle in relation to blood
lead levels and the uptake of lead in edible tissues was studied
for an accidental exposure over 1 or 2 days to lead in excessive
amounts from the licking of burnt storage batteries. The degree
of exposure was monitored by determination of blood lead levels.
Milk and blood samples were taken from eight cows, without acute
symptoms of lead poisoning, during a period of 18 weeks. Two
weeks after the accidental exposure, lead levels (mean +/- SD)
in milk were 0.08 +/- 0.04 mg kg-1 and in blood 0.36 +/- 0.04 mg
kg-1 in six of the cows. The relationship between lead
concentration in blood and those in milk was found to be
exponential and could be expressed by the equation: log y =
3.19x - 2.36 (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001), where y and x are
the lead concentrations in milk and blood, respectively. The
lead level in milk was relatively constant up to a blood lead
level of 0.2-0.3 mg kg-1, and increased sharply at higher blood
levels. The biological half-life of lead in blood was shown to
be approximately 9 weeks. In eight acutely sick cows, which were
emergency slaughtered, the range of lead levels in edible muscle
tissue was 0.23-0.50 mg kg-1 wet weight. Very high
concentrations were found in the kidneys, with a range of 70-330
mg kg-1, and in the livers, with a range of 10-55 mg kg-1. Four
of the cows were pregnant, in the first or second month of
gestation, during the episode of exposure. The lead exposure was
not found to disturb the gestation or development of the
fetuses.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92169472
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cattle Diseases|*ME; Lead Poisoning|ME/*VE; Milk|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Cattle; Female; Fetus|ME; Lead|BL/PK; Maternal-Fetal
Exchange; Pregnancy; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Tissue
Distribution
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0048-9697
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 29 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effects of heavy metals on alpha-fetoprotein in maternal sera
and amniotic fluid of pregnant mice.
- Author
- Mizejewski GJ; Antelman DE; Keenan JF; Preiss IL
- Address
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State
Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509.
- Source
- Toxicology, 1990 Oct, 64:1, 19-32
- Abstract
- This report describes the effects of low levels of copper,
nickel and lead salts on the concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein
(AFP) in the sera and amniotic fluid of pregnant Nylar mice.
During the early and mid-gestation (9-17 days), pregnant mice
were injected intraperitoneally twice with heavy-metal salt
solutions and were autopsied two days following the second
injection. Maternal sera and amniotic fluid (AF) were collected
and AFP levels were quantified by radial immunodiffusion. Metal
levels determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in
individual samples confirmed the presence of trace metals in the
fetus. Low doses of nickel and copper were associated with
elevated AFP levels in amniotic fluid in 15-17 day pregnant
animals, while maternal serum AFP levels mostly remained
unchanged. Decreased concentrations of maternal serum AFP
occurred with increased doses of copper and lead in contrast to
elevated concentrations of AFP in amniotic fluid. Furthermore,
there was an increase in fetal wastage when higher doses of
copper and lead were administered. A reduction of secondary
litter size (F1 generation) with low dosage levels of lead was
also observed. These results imply that the fetal-maternal
transfer of AFP may either be impaired or reflect increased
leakage or decreased placental permeability in the presence of
sublethal doses of copper and lead. These findings suggest that
the parallel measurements of AFP concentrations in sera and
amniotic fluid might be employed for assessment of embryo- and
fetotoxicity when heavy metal intake is suspected during
pregnancy.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91020162
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- alpha-Fetoproteins|*AN; Amniotic Fluid|*CH; Copper|AN/BL/*TO;
Lead|AN/BL/*TO; Nickel|AN/BL/*TO; Pregnancy, Animal|*DE
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Embryo Resorption|CI; Female; Fertility|DE; Fetal
Death|CI; Male; Mice; Pregnancy
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0300-483X
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 30 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Lead absorption in an Umbrian population from 1982 to 1992]
- Author
- Piccinini R; Muzi G; DellOmo M; Fiordi T; Morucci P; Ambrogi
M; Mosca R; Abbritti G
- Address
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Patologia e Farmacologia,
UniversitÄa degli Studi, Perugia.
- Source
- Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1998, 34:1, 81-90
- Abstract
- This report assessed lead absorption in community samples of
the general population in Umbria, central Italy, in 1982 and in
1992. Each participant (128 subjects in 1982 and 479 in 1992)
answered a questionnaire providing details of personal
information and life style. Blood lead levels were determined by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In 1992 hematocrit and
glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) levels were also measured. In
1982 the mean blood lead level was 226 micrograms/l in males and
167 micrograms/l in females, and in 1992 it was still higher in
males than in females (98 micrograms/l vs 61 micrograms/l) as
were hematocrit and gamma-GT levels. Multiple regression
analysis showed sex and age were the main factors accounting for
42% of the total variation in blood lead levels. They were
followed by alcohol consumption, gamma-GT levels and smoking in
this order. In conclusion, blood lead levels decreased
significantly in central Italy in the decade 1982-92 and
persistent lead absorption seems to be due to individual
characteristics such as male sex, advanced age and a personal
life style which includes alcohol consumption and smoking.
- Language of Publication
- Italian
- Unique Identifier
- 98344287
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*; Lead|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- gamma-Glutamyltransferase|BL; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking|EP;
Comparative Study; English Abstract; Environmental Monitoring;
Female; Gasoline; Hematocrit; Human; Italy|EP; Lead Poisoning|EP/PC;
Life Style; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Age; National Health
Programs; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Rural Population;
Sampling Studies; Smoking|EP; Urban Population; Vehicle
Emissions
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2571
- Country of Publication
- ITALY
Record 31 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Sweat lead levels in persons with high blood lead levels:
experimental elevation of blood lead by ingestion of lead
chloride.
- Author
- Omokhodion FO; Crockford GW
- Address
- Unit of Occupational Health, London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
- Source
- Sci Total Environ, 1991 Oct, 108:3, 235-42
- Abstract
- Blood lead levels were experimentally elevated in two subjects
by ingestion of single oral doses of lead as lead chloride.
Serial samples of blood, urine and sweat were collected
subsequently. Sweat samples were collected in polythene armbags
while subjects cycled on a bicycle ergometer in a hot chamber.
In spite of increases in blood and urinary lead levels, no
increases in sweat lead levels were recorded. Possible reasons
for this observation are discussed.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92094357
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|AD/*AN/BL/*PK/UR; Lead Poisoning|BL/*ME/UR; Sweat|*CH
- MeSH Heading
- Administration, Oral; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0048-9697
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 32 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead-glazed ceramics as major determinants of blood lead
levels in Mexican women.
- Author
- Hernandez Avila M; Romieu I; Rios C; Rivero A; Palazuelos E
- Address
- General Directorate of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health,
Mexico.
- Source
- Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Aug, 94:, 117-20
- Abstract
- The aim of this study was to determine the main contributors
to blood lead levels in a population of women from middle to low
socioeconomic status in the southwestern part of Mexico City.
Within this area, the authors selected a random sample of 200
women. Age ranged from 21 to 57 years, with a mean of 36 years.
Among 99 women who agreed to participate in this study, blood
lead levels ranged from 1 to 52 micrograms/dL, with a mean of
10.6 micrograms/dL. Five percent of the women had a blood lead
level over 25 micrograms/dL and 22% over 15 micrograms/dL. There
was no significant trend in blood levels according to age. The
main determinants of blood lead levels were higher socioeconomic
status (presence of telephone in the house, t-test, p = 0.01)
and using lead-glazed ceramics (LGC) to prepare food (t-test, p
less than 0.005). There was a significant increasing trend in
blood lead levels with increasing frequency of consumption of
food prepared in LGC (test for trend, p = 0.0008). Among the
dishes prepared in LGC, the main determinant was the consumption
of stew. Time spent outdoors and consumption of tap water and of
canned food were not important determinants of blood lead
levels. The population attributable risk of high blood level
(less than 15 micrograms/dL) due to the use of LGC was 58%.
These findings demonstrate the major role of traditional pottery
as a contributor to blood lead levels in this population and
emphasize the need for interventions to produce lead-free
pottery.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92063914
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ceramics|*AE; Cooking and Eating Utensils|*; Lead|AE/AN/*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Epidemiologic Factors; Female; Food Preservation;
Human; Mexico|EP; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Water
Pollutants, Chemical|AN
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0091-6765
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 33 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Sweat lead levels in persons with high blood lead levels: lead
in sweat of lead workers in the tropics.
- Author
- Omokhodion FO; Howard JM
- Address
- Unit of Occupational Health, London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, Keppel, United Kingdom.
- Source
- Sci Total Environ, 1991 Apr, 103:2-3, 123-8
- Abstract
- Samples of blood, sweat and urine were collected from eight
control subjects and 19 lead workers in a battery manufacturing
factory in the tropics. Sweat samples were collected while
workers cycled on a bicycle ergometer at room temperature (27-31
degrees C). All samples were analysed by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. Workers with blood lead levels of 13-36
micrograms dl-1 had sweat levels of 72-256 micrograms l-1 and
urinary levels of 28-288 micrograms/g creatinine, while controls
had levels of 9-12.2 micrograms dl-1, 9-30 micrograms l-1 and
9-19.6 microgram/g creatinine, respectively. Estimations of
sweat lead in lead workers can be masked by skin contamination.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91352597
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*AN/BL/UR; Occupational Exposure|*; Sweat|*CH
- MeSH Heading
- Comparative Study; Exertion; Human; Reference Values;
Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption; Tropical Climate
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0048-9697
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 34 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary
levels in normal healthy subjects.
- Author
- Omokhodion FO; Crockford GW
- Address
- Unit of Occupational Health, London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
- Source
- Sci Total Environ, 1991 Apr, 103:2-3, 113-22
- Abstract
- Sweat was collected from the arms of 24 normal healthy
subjects while they sat in a hot chamber. Blood, urine and
saliva samples were also collected. These were analyzed for lead
by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Sweat lead levels
recorded in this study are lower than those previously reported.
Subjects with mean blood lead levels of 8.62 micrograms dl-1
(range 6-13.6) had mean sweat levels of 5.2 micrograms l-1
(range 1.5-13.0), approximately 25% of their urinary levels.
Although salivary lead levels with a mean of 4.8 micrograms l-1
(range 2.5-10) are comparable to sweat levels, their
relationship to blood lead levels is poor (r = -0.186 compared
with r values of 0.7208 and 0.234 for sweat and urinary levels,
respectively).
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91352596
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*AN/BL/UR; Saliva|*CH; Sweat|*CH
- MeSH Heading
- Calcium|AN; Comparative Study; Human; Male; Potassium|AN;
Reference Values; Sodium|AN; Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Absorption|MT
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0048-9697
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 35 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Raised lead levels and impaired cognitive/behavioural
functioning: a review of the evidence.
- Author
- Rutter M
- Address
-
- Source
- Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl, 1980, 42:, 1-36
- Abstract
- Research findings on the effects of raised lead levels on
children's cognitive and behavioural functioning are reviewed.
The results are considered separately with respect to
clinic-type studies of children with high lead levels, studies
of mentally retarded or behaviourally deviant children,
chelation studies, smelter studies, and general population
studies of dental lead. It is concluded that, although the
findings are somewhat contradictory, the evidence suggests that
persistently raised blood levels in the range above 40
microgram/100 ml may cause slight cognitive impairment (a
reduction of one to five points on average) and less certainly
may increase the risk of behavioural difficulties. There are
pointers that there may also be psychological risks with lead
levels below 40 microgram/100 ml, but the evidence on this point
is inconclusive so far. Parallels are drawn with studies of
other brain traumata and some suggestions are made with respect
to both practical implications and the needs for further
research.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 80202317
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Child Behavior Disorders|*PP; Cognition Disorders|*PP; Lead
Poisoning|*BL/EP/PX
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Child; Child Development|DE; Child, Preschool;
Human; Lead|BL; Mental Retardation|CI; Motor Skills|DE; Pica|BL
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0419-0238
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 36 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Relation between quantities of lead ingested and health
effects of lead in humans.
- Author
- Mahaffey KR
- Address
-
- Source
- Pediatrics, 1977 Mar, 59:3, 448-55
- Abstract
- Major metabolic effects of lead are briefly reviewed and
available data on quantitative relationships between lead
ingestion and development of toxicity in adults and children are
discussed. Levels of lead ingestion producing clinical toxicity
in adults are compared with normal levels of exposure. For
children, comparison of levels of lead ingestion and quantities
of lead producing toxic effects is not currently possible, as
information on levels of lead producing clinical toxicity
appears to be highly variable on the basis of the small amount
of data available. However, recommendations on tolerable levels
of lead exposure for childrne are proposed, based on estimates
of lead exposure for children having normal and elevated body
burdens of lead.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 77124880
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead Poisoning|*/CO/ME
- MeSH Heading
- Child, Preschool; Feces|AN; Heme|BI; Human; Infant; Kidney
Diseases|ET; Lead|ME/TO; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level;
Neurologic Manifestations
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 37 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Community characteristics associated with elevated blood lead
levels in children.
- Author
- Lanphear BP; Byrd RS; Auinger P; Schaffer SJ
- Address
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry, New York, USA.
- Source
- Pediatrics, 1998 Feb, 101:2, 264-71
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To identify community characteristics associated
with children having elevated blood lead levels (> or = 10
micrograms/dL) and examine whether these characteristics can be
used to identify children with elevated blood lead levels.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 20,296 children in Monroe
County, New York (< 6 years old) who had blood lead testing
in the first 12 months after statewide mandated reporting of
blood lead tests began. DESIGN: A logistic regression analysis
was conducted to examine the association of children's blood
lead levels and community characteristics by using community
characteristics of 653 census block groups. RESULTS: The
following community level variables were associated with
increased risk of elevated blood lead levels in children:
residence within the city [odds ratio (OR), 2.0; 95% confidence
interval (CI), 1.6, 2.7]; block groups with a higher proportion
of individuals of Black race (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.4, 2.0); higher
screening rate (OR, 1.9; CI, 1.6, 2.4); lower housing value (OR,
1.6; CI, 1.2, 2.0); housing built before 1950 (OR, 1.5; CI, 1.3,
1.8); higher population density (OR, 1.5; CI, 1.3, 1.8); higher
rates of poverty (OR, 1.4; CI, 1.2, 1.8); lower percent of high
school graduates (OR, 1.3; CI, 1.1, 1.6), and lower rates of
owner-occupied housing (OR, 1.2; CI, 1.0, 1.4). Community
characteristics were comparable with clinic-based individual
risk assessment to identify children with elevated blood lead
levels. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that community
characteristics can be used to develop screening strategies to
identify children who have elevated blood lead levels and shift
our efforts toward identifying houses containing lead hazards
before occupancy and before children are unduly exposed.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98118355
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|BL/EP/*PC; Mass Screening|*;
Residence Characteristics|*
- MeSH Heading
- Child, Preschool; Female; Human; Infant; Logistic Models;
Male; New York|EP; Population Density; Poverty; Risk Assessment;
Rural Population; ROC Curve; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Urban
Population
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 38 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Weight gain and maturity in fetuses exposed to low levels of
lead.
- Author
- Bellinger D; Leviton A; Rabinowitz M; Allred E; Needleman H;
Schoenbaum S
- Address
- Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
- Source
- Environ Res, 1991 Apr, 54:2, 151-8
- Abstract
- The relationship between prenatal low-level lead exposure and
fetal growth was evaluated in a sample of 4354 pregnancies in
which the mean umbilical cord blood lead level was 7.0
micrograms/dl (SD = 3.3; 10th percentile, 3.4 micrograms/dl,
90th percentile, 10.9 micrograms/dl). Higher cord blood lead
levels were significantly associated with gestations of slightly
longer duration. Comparing infants with cord blood lead levels
greater than or equal to 15 micrograms/dl to those with levels
less than 5 micrograms/dl, adjusted risk ratios of 1.5 to 2.5
were observed for low birth weight (less than 2500 g) and for
fetal growth indices that express birth weight as a function of
length of gestation (e.g., small-for-gestational age,
intrauterine growth retardation). The 95% confidence intervals
of these risk ratios included 1, however, precluding rejection
of the null hypothesis of no association. We conclude that the
risk of adverse fetal growth is not increased at cord blood lead
levels less than 15 micrograms/dl but that modest increases in
risk may be associated with levels greater than or equal to 15
micrograms/dl.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91230977
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Fetal Development|*DE; Lead|*AE/BL/PD; Weight Gain|*DE
- MeSH Heading
- Body Weight|DE; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female;
Fetal Blood|CH; Fetus|DE; Human; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure
Delayed Effects; Socioeconomic Factors; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 39 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Regional alterations of brain biogenic amines and GABA/glutamate
levels in rats following chronic lead exposure during neonatal
development.
- Author
- Shailesh Kumar MV; Desiraju T
- Address
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental
Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
- Source
- Arch Toxicol, 1990, 64:4, 305-14
- Abstract
- Wistar rat pups were administered either a high dose of lead
acetate (400 micrograms lead/g body weight/day) or a low dose
(100 micrograms lead/g body weight/day) by gastric intubation,
from 2 days through 60 days of age. The rats on both these doses
exhibited statistically significant decreases in body and brain
weights throughout the lead treatment period. A group of rats on
high dose was also rehabilitated by discontinuing the lead from
60 days of age. In these rats, at 160 days of age, the body
weight but not the brain weight recovered to normal levels.
During the lead intake, the rats on high dose revealed
significant elevations in the levels of noradrenaline (NA) in
the hippocampus (HI), cerebellum (CE), hypothalamus (HY),
brainstem (BS), and accumbens-striatum (SA). The elevated levels
in all the above regions except in the HY persisted even after
rehabilitation. The dopamine (DA) levels changed significantly
in opposite directions in HY (elevation) and BS (reduction)
during the lead treatment, and the HY recovered after
rehabilitation. Under lead, the serotonin (5HT) levels were
elevated significantly in the HI, BS and MC (motor cortex),
while after rehabilitation the abnormality persisted only in the
MC. Low dose lead treatment was also effective on the same areas
of brain. In the low dose group, estimation of the levels of
GABA and glutamate were also done, and a significant decrease of
GABA in CE and glutamate in MC was observed. The differences
observed in the neurotoxic effects (none or significant) of lead
in the different regions for each of the transmitters (NA, DA,
5HT) supports the interesting conclusion that the vulnerability
of the axon terminals of any given type is dependent on some
regional factors, although the projections of the different
regions originate from an apparently similar category of neurons
in the brain stem.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90351262
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Biogenic Amines|*ME; Brain|AH/*ME; Glutamates|*ME; GABA|*ME;
Lead|*TO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Body Weight|DE; Dopamine|ME; Dose-Response
Relationship, Drug; Female; Hyperkinesis|CI; Lead Poisoning|MO;
Male; Norepinephrine|ME; Organ Weight|DE; Pregnancy; Prenatal
Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0340-5761
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY, WEST
Record 40 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- The El Paso smelter 20 years later: residual impact on Mexican
children.
- Author
- Díaz Barriga F; Batres L; Calderón J; Lugo A; Galvao L; Lara
I; Rizo P; Arroyave ME; McConnell R
- Address
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University, San Luis Potosi,
Mexico. diazfer@deimos.tc.uaslp.mx
- Source
- Environ Res, 1997, 74:1, 11-6
- Abstract
- Although there has been considerable concern regarding
cross-border industrial contamination between Mexico and the
United States, there are remarkably few data. One notable case
study is the smelter in El Paso, Texas. In 1974 blood lead
levels higher than 40 micrograms/dl were detected in 52% of
children studied near the smelter, in the adjacent Mexican
community of Anapra in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. Lead smelting
at this plant was halted in 1985, and as a result, lead levels
in air decreased sharply; consequently, children's exposure to
lead and other metals should have diminished accordingly. In
order to assess the effect of removal of lead emissions from the
area, three geographical locations in Anapra, varying in
distance from the smelter source, were evaluated for lead,
arsenic, and cadmium levels in soil and for lead in blood of
children. It was found that lead levels in soil were inversely
correlated with distance from the smelter. Arsenic and cadmium
levels in soil were constant among the three sectors. However,
at residential sites closer to the smelter, a higher percentage
of children was found with blood lead levels exceeding the
Centers for Disease Control's action level of 10.0
micrograms/dl. In the sector closest to the border 43% of
children had blood lead levels greater than 10.0 micrograms/dl.
Although blood lead levels in children living in Anapra have
dropped approximately fourfold in 20 years, our results indicate
a moderate continued risk of lead exposure. This study
demonstrates the persistent impact that may result from
cross-border contamination and raises provocative questions
regarding appropriate action and the responsibility for
financing such action.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97480511
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead Poisoning|BL/*EP
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants|BL/PO; Child; Child, Preschool; Human; Infant;
Lead|BL; Mexico|EP; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 41 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Hygiene- and food-related behaviors associated with blood lead
levels of young children from lead-contaminated homes.
- Author
- Freeman NC; Ettinger A; Berry M; Rhoads G
- Address
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, University
of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson
Medical School, Piscataway, USA. nfreeman@eohsi.rutgers.edu
- Source
- J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 1997 Jan, 7:1, 103-18
- Abstract
- Exposures associated with blood lead levels greater than 40
micrograms/dL in young children who live in lead-contaminated
homes have been well documented. As the action level for lead is
reduced, activities that contribute to lower levels of lead
exposure must be identified. A child's eating habits and related
hygiene behaviors are major hand-to-mouth activities that have
been largely overlooked in the study of activities contributing
to lead ingestion. To examine this subject, a survey
questionnaire for caretakers of young children was developed.
The objective of the questionnaire was to characterize
food-related activities of young children and to identify
behavioral indicators of lead exposure. The association between
food- and hygiene-related behaviors and blood lead levels among
60 children between 13 and 36 months old with low-to-moderate
blood lead levels was examined in homes that had been identified
as containing lead in paint and house dust. The participants
were enrolled in the Children's Lead Exposure and Reduction
Study in Jersey City, New Jersey. Blood lead levels of children
13-24 months old did not differ significantly from those of
children 25-36 months of age (10.1 and 11.3 micrograms/dL,
respectively). Differences in eating habits and hygiene
behaviors were found for the two age groups. Bivariate analyses
found that the primary behavioral indicators of blood lead
levels were determined by whether the child prepared his/her own
food and whether the child ate food that had been on the floor.
This factor was dependent on age. Children 13-24 months old had
significantly elevated blood lead levels if these behaviors
exhibited. No significant differences were found, however, for
children 25-36 months old. Several food-related habits were also
associated with blood lead levels. Eating hamburgers, doughnuts,
peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, and cold cuts were
associated with elevated blood lead levels in 13-24-month-old
children, while eating vitamins, raw vegetables, and yogurt were
associated with lower blood lead levels in this age group. For
children 25-36 months old, eating hamburgers and peanut butter
and jelly sandwiches was associated with elevated blood lead
levels, while yogurt consumption was associated with lower blood
lead levels.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97231217
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Computer Simulation|*; Diet Surveys|*; Drug Residues|*AN;
Feeding Behavior|*; Hygiene|*; Lead|AN/*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Age Factors; Chi-Square Distribution; Child Rearing; Child,
Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Discriminant Analysis;
Dust|AN; Environmental Exposure; Food Habits; Health Behavior;
Human; Infant; Lead Poisoning|ET; Multivariate Analysis; New
Jersey; Odds Ratio; Regression Analysis; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 1053-4245
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 42 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Determinants of elevated blood lead during pregnancy in a
population surrounding a lead smelter in Kosovo, Yugoslavia.
- Author
- Graziano JH; Popovac D; Factor Litvak P; Shrout P; Kline J;
Murphy MJ; Zhao YH; Mehmeti A; Ahmedi X; Rajovic B; et al
- Address
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032.
- Source
- Environ Health Perspect, 1990 Nov, 89:, 95-100
- Abstract
- We are prospectively examining the relation between
environmental lead exposure and pregnancy outcome in cohorts of
women exposed to a wide range of air lead concentrations. Titova
Mitrovica, Yugoslavia, is the site of a large lead smelter,
refinery, and battery factory. At midpregnancy, 602 women in T.
Mitrovica and 900 women in Pristina, a non-lead-exposed control
town, were interviewed. Blood was obtained for blood lead (PbB),
hemoglobin, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin
measurements. Women were seen again at delivery, at which time
maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were obtained. While
many demographic and social characteristics were similar across
the two towns, women in Pristina were more likely to report
employment outside the home, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use
during pregnancy. As expected, PbB levels were substantially
higher in the smelter town. At midpregnancy, PbB geometric means
were 17.1 micrograms/dL in T. Mitrovica and 5.1 micrograms/dL in
Pristina; 86% of the pregnant women in T. Mitrovica, compared to
3.4% of those in Pristina, had PbB levels greater than 10
micrograms/dL. Within T. Mitrovica, distance between the home
and the smelter was the most important predictor of PbB at
mid-pregnancy and delivery. Husband's employment in the lead
industry was associated with a significant increase in maternal
PbB levels independent of place of residence. Higher maternal
serum ferritin concentrations were associated with lower PbB
levels, suggesting that dietary iron inhibits lead absorption.
Overall, the placenta was a poor barrier to lead; the
relationship between maternal PbB and umbilical cord PbB was
linear across a wide range of PbB levels.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91209351
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|BL/*CO/EP; Pregnancy
Complications|*BL/EP
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Animal; Chemical Industry; Cohort Studies; Diet;
Environmental Exposure; Female; Human; Infant, Newborn;
Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Milk; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome;
Prospective Studies; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S.
Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Yugoslavia|EP
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0091-6765
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 43 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead and neurobehavioral development in gulls: a model for
understanding effects in the laboratory and the field.
- Author
- Burger J; Gochfeld M
- Address
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University,
Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-1059, USA.
- Source
- Neurotoxicology, 1997, 18:2, 495-506
- Abstract
- Animals, including humans, are increasingly exposed to a
variety of environmental chemicals that can cause adverse
developmental neurobehavioral effects. Most studies either
examine effects in the laboratory, or report levels in wild
animals, but the relationship between dose, tissue levels and
effects are seldom examined in one system. Establishing this
relationship is particularly important for endocrine disruptors
because of the current controversies regarding impacts on both
humans and wildlife. In this paper we synthesize results from a
10-year research program that uses the herring gull chick as a
model to examine the relationship between dose, tissue levels,
and response to lead in both the laboratory and the wild; and
compare levels that cause deficits to those that occur in wild
populations of a number of birds. The laboratory studies show
that lead affects several aspects of neurobehavioral development
in herring gull chicks. There are critical periods for the
effects of lead on neurobehavioral development; and there are
dissociations: different behaviors have different critical
periods. Response latency may be affected most when exposure
occurs at one age, while accuracy of response may be affected
more at a different age of exposure. Further, there is not
necessarily a correlation between impairment and the recovery
trajectory. The field experiments show that there are similar
lead-induced neurobehavioral deficits in the wild as occur in
the laboratory. However, there were important differences:
recovery occurred sooner in the field compared to the
laboratory; parents partially compensated for the behavioral
deficits and succeeded in getting surviving chicks to a similar
fledging weight as control chicks, and although survival was
decreased in lead-injected chicks in the wild, it was not as low
as predicted because of the protective behavior of their
parents. These impairments resulted in decreases in survival,
which reduced overall fledging rates for a population with lead
exposure. Data on exposure levels, as indicated by lead levels
in feathers of birds worldwide, suggest that some birds are at
risk of neurobehavioral impairment from exposure to lead.
Although the neurobehavioral deficits are subtle, and difficult
to prove using only wild populations, the data from the field
experiments with herring gulls clearly indicate that the
deficits occur. This providers a model for studying the
neurobehavioral effects of any chemicals on wild populations.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97436815
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Behavior, Animal|*DE; Birds|*PH; Lead|*TO; Nervous System|DE/*GD
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Lead Poisoning|PP/PX; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0161-813X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 44 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- In vivo bone lead measurement in suburban teenagers.
- Author
- Hoppin JA; Aro A; Hu H; Ryan PB
- Address
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Source
- Pediatrics, 1997 Sep, 100:3 Pt 1, 365-70
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Bone represents a biologically active long-term
storage site for lead, and bone lead data on teenagers are
limited. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the
distribution of bone lead in a teenage population and to explore
the environmental and demographic factors associated with bone
lead concentrations in young, nonoccupationally exposed
subjects. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of bone lead levels in
high school students. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 168 students at a
suburban Boston high school. Subjects (90 boys, 78 girls) ranged
in age from 13.5 to 19 years and included 40% nonwhite
minorities. Of the 168 subjects, 45 lived in homes constructed
before 1960. None of the participants reported a history of lead
poisoning. OUTCOME MEASURES: Tibial bone lead concentrations
were measured in vivo for 60 minutes using K x-ray fluorescence.
Lead exposure information was obtained by self-administered
questionnaire. RESULTS: Point estimates of bone lead levels
ranged from -7.15 to 14.23 microg lead/g bone mineral (microg/g),
(mean, 4.0 microg/g; standard deviation, 4.4 microg/g). The
reported measurement uncertainties accompanying each of the
point estimates ranged from 2.56 to 9.01 microg/g (mean, 3.9
microg/g; standard deviation, 1.0 microg/g). Bone lead levels
were not associated with the demographic factors of age, sex, or
race. Additionally, current home conditions (housing age,
traffic level) were not predictive of bone lead levels, even
though these factors were predictive of in-home lead
concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that
although bone lead levels are measurable in this age group, the
common predictors of blood and bone lead concentrations are not
explanatory for bone lead levels.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97419204
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bone and Bones|*CH; Lead|*AN/BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Age Factors; Boston; Caucasoid Race;
Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Environmental Exposure;
Environmental Pollutants|AN; Female; Forecasting; Housing;
Human; Lead Poisoning|ME; Male; Minerals|AN; Minority Groups;
Mongoloid Race; Negroid Race; Questionnaires; Sex Factors;
Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Suburban Health; Support, U.S.
Gov't, P.H.S.; Tibia|CH
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 45 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- X-ray fluorescence measurements of lead burden in subjects
with low-level community lead exposure.
- Author
- Hu H; Milder FL; Burger DE
- Address
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine Brigham and
Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Source
- Arch Environ Health, 1990 Nov, 45:6, 335-41
- Abstract
- A k-x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) instrument that can measure in
vivo bone lead at low levels was used on a population of 34
adults with no known history of excessive lead exposure. A
questionnaire that gathered information relevant to occupational
and environmental lead exposure was administered prior to the
measurement. A 30-min measurement that produced an average
estimated uncertainty of 6 mcg lead/g bone mineral was taken at
the mid-tibial diaphysis for each subject. Eighteen subjects had
bone lead levels below the measurement uncertainty. The
remainder had bone lead levels ranging up to 21 mcg lead/g bone
mineral. Bone lead levels were greater among older subjects.
Among young adult subjects, bone lead levels greater than the
measurement uncertainty were confined entirely to subjects who
had grown up in housing that was estimated to have been build
prior to 1955. Such a childhood environment is at high risk of
fostering exposure to biologically absorbable lead through
ingestion of lead paint-contaminated dust and lead
pipe-contaminated water. We conclude that the K-XRF technique
has the potential to distinguish between low levels of lead
burden in epidemiologic studies.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91103605
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*; Lead Poisoning|EP/ET/*RA;
Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission|IS/MT/*ST; Tibia|*RA
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Evaluation Studies; Female; Human; Male;
Massachusetts|EP; Medical History Taking; Middle Age;
Questionnaires; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrophotometry,
Atomic Absorption; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-9896
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 46 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Early dentine lead levels and educational outcomes at 18
years.
- Author
- Fergusson DM; Horwood LJ; Lynskey MT
- Address
- Dept. of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of
Medicine, New Zealand.
- Source
- J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 1997 May, 38:4, 471-8
- Abstract
- The associations between early dentine lead levels measured at
the age of 6-8 years and educational outcomes measured at 18
years were examined in a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand
children. Analyses showed significant (p < .005)
dose/response relationships between early dentine lead levels
and later outcomes: at age 18 children with early elevated lead
levels had poorer reading abilities, had more often left school
early, had more often left school without qualifications, and
had lower levels of success in school examinations. These
associations persisted after statistical control for a range of
social and familial confounding factors. A number of potential
threats to the validity of the findings are examined, including
sample selection bias, statistical undercontrol of covariates,
and errors of measurement. It is concluded that the findings are
consistent with the view that early mildly elevated lead levels
have modest but detectable effects on individual achievement,
with these effects extending to late adolescence.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97376382
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Dentin|*ME; Lead|*PK; Lead Poisoning|BL/*DI/PX; Learning
Disorders|BL/*DI/PX
- MeSH Heading
- Achievement; Adolescence; Child; Child, Preschool; Dyslexia|BL/DI/PX;
Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human; Longitudinal Studies; Male;
New Zealand; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-9630
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 47 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Lead poisoning in cattle in north Netherlands. October
1989-January 1990]
- Author
- Baars AJ; van Beek H; Visser IJ; Vos G; van Delft W; Fennema
G; Lieben GW; Lautenbag K; Nieuwenhuijs JH; de Lezenne Coulander
PA; et al
- Address
- Centraal Diergeneeskundig Instituut, Lelystad.
- Source
- Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1990 Oct, 115:19, 882-90
- Abstract
- By the end of 1989 a serious lead intoxication of cattle
occurred in the northern part of the Netherlands (provinces
Groningen and Friesland). This intoxication appeared to be
caused by contaminated feed. Over 300 farms were stricken, with
about 15,500 animals (mostly dairy cattle). In a period of one
to four weeks these animals consumed about 1,000 kg of lead.
This resulted in lead levels in milk, livers, and kidneys above
the regulatory safety limits. Thanks to the chelating therapy
that was rapidly applied by the local veterinarians, only about
30 animals died of an acute lead intoxication. The cooperating
governmental and private authorities took action to prevent
exposure of consumers to lead-contaminated animal products.
Based on careful estimations, predictions were made of the lead
levels to be expected in animals products and the time needed
for depletion of these levels. The appropriate animals were
marked to ensure their identification, and the decline in time
of the lead levels in milk and offals was conscientiously
monitored. In the second week of 1990 the lead concentrations
were decreased to levels well below the regulatory limits, and
hence the marks were removed from the animals.
- Language of Publication
- Dutch
- Unique Identifier
- 91020109
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cattle Diseases|*CI; Food Contamination|*; Lead Poisoning|DT/ET/*VE
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Animal Feed|AN; Cattle; Chelating Agents|TU; English
Abstract; Lead|AN; Tissue Distribution
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0040-7453
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 48 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead poisoning and associated risk factors among preschoolers
enrolled in a Head Start program.
- Author
- Singer L; Uphold CR; Graham MV; Hernandez B
- Address
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0187, USA.
- Source
- Public Health Nurs, 1997 Jun, 14:3, 161-8
- Abstract
- Despite the fact that lead poisoning is one of the most common
pediatric health problems in the United States today, little is
known about the prevalence and correlates of this disease among
nonurban preschool children living in the southern United
States. The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence
of abnormal lead levels and to explore the relationships between
lead levels and gender, weight, hemoglobin, and ethnicity. Using
a chart review protocol, data were collected from 81 charts of
children enrolled in a Head Start program in Florida. The
prevalence rate of elevated lead levels was 18.5%, a rate higher
than that found in most previous research. No relationship was
found between lead levels and gender, weight, hemoglobin, and
ethnicity. The results highlight the importance of local
screening efforts. Controversies in screening are discussed in
this article in some detail with the aim of assisting health
care providers make decisions about whether universal screening
for lead levels in children is appropriate and whether use of
the Centers for Disease Control questionnaire has sufficient
value. Further study is needed regarding prevalence rates in
different geographic areas in the United States, and factors
associated with elevated lead levels.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97347733
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Child Health Services|*; Lead Poisoning|BL/*EP
- MeSH Heading
- Child, Preschool; Female; Florida|EP; Human; Lead|BL; Male;
Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Rural
Population|SN; Suburban Population|SN; Urban Population|SN
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0737-1209
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 49 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- A case-control study to determine risk factors for elevated
blood lead levels in children, Idaho.
- Author
- Maisonet M; Bove FJ; Kaye WE
- Address
- Agency for Toxie Substances and Disease Registry Division of
Health Studies, Atlanta, Georgia, mnml@ATSDHS2.EM.CDC.GOV
- Source
- Toxicol Ind Health, 1997 Jan, 13:1, 67-72
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: A pair-matched, case-control study was conducted to
identify if risk factors or behaviors suspected to affect
childhood blood lead levels, were more prevalent among children
with elevated blood lead levels living in the vicinity of a
defunct mining and smelting facility. METHODS: Study individuals
were recruited from the 1992 Silver Valley blood lead screening
participants. The cases were children with a blood lead level
> 10 micrograms per deciliter (microgram/dL). The controls
were children with a blood lead level < 10 micrograms/dL, who
were matched to cases by age and sex. Data on risk factors were
obtained through personal interviews. RESULTS: Of the variables
examined, yard soil remediation showed the strongest association
with changes in blood lead levels. This variable was found to be
a protective factor for elevated blood lead levels in children
(odds ratio, 0.28; confidence interval, 0.08-0.92). CONCLUSION:
The results suggest that removal of lead contaminated soil from
residential yards was effective in reducing blood lead levels in
children.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97253510
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|BL/*EP/PC
- MeSH Heading
- Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Demography;
Environmental Exposure; Female; Human; Idaho|EP; Infant;
Logistic Models; Male; Mass Screening; Mining; Odds Ratio; Risk
Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0748-2337
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 50 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Gasoline sniffing and lead toxicity in Navajo adolescents.
- Author
- Coulehan JL; Hirsch W; Brillman J; Sanandria J; Welty TK;
Colaiaco P; Koros A; Lober A
- Address
-
- Source
- Pediatrics, 1983 Jan, 71:1, 113-7
- Abstract
- During a 6-year period, 23 Navajo adolescents were
hospitalized 47 times for presumed lead intoxication secondary
to gasoline sniffing. Most patients were male (87%) and sniffed
gasoline as a social activity, more frequently in spring and
summer. Sixty-five percent of the patients first presented with
toxic encephalopathy. Of total episodes, 31% involved
asymptomatic lead overload; 31% involved tremor, ataxia, and
other neurologic signs; and 38% involved encephalopathy with
disorientation and hallucinations. Free erythrocyte
protoporphyrin levels were not consistently high, although blood
lead levels were all elevated. One death occurred. Approximately
11% of 537 Navajo adolescents said they inhaled gasoline for
enjoyment at least occasionally. Among 147 junior high school
students, blood lead levels averaged 18 +/- 6 micrograms/dL with
no values greater than 40 micrograms/dL. Three of these students
had elevated zinc protoporphyrin levels and all three were
anemic. No correlation was found between levels of blood lead or
zinc protoporphyrin and whether or not the youth reported
sniffing gasoline. However, sniffing gasoline was associated
with poor school performance and delinquent behavior. Although
apparently many Navajo adolescents experiment with gasoline
inhalation, only a few engage in this activity frequently enough
to develop either asymptomatic or symptomatic lead overload.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 83090184
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Gasoline|*; Indians, North American|*; Lead Poisoning|*ET;
Petroleum|*; Substance-Related Disorders|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Arizona; Female; Human; Lead|BL; Male; New
Mexico; Protoporphyrins|BL; Tetraethyl Lead; Utah
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
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