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- Search all fields for: lead levels
- Published in 1977 through 1999
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Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Blood lead levels in children and pregnant women living near a
lead-reclamation plant.
- Author
- Levallois P; Lavoie M; Goulet L; Nantel AJ; Gingras S
- Address
- Centre de toxicologie du QuÆebec, Sainte-Foy.
- Source
- CMAJ, 1991 Apr, 144:7, 877-85
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of lead contamination
around a lead-reclamation plant on the blood lead levels of
children and pregnant women living in the area. DESIGN:
Prevalence study. SETTING: Residents living 150 m or less
(high-exposure area), 151 to 400 m (intermediate-exposure area)
or 401 to 800 m (low-exposure area) southeast from the plant.
PARTICIPANTS: All children aged 10 years or less and all
pregnant women living in the designated area. OUTCOME MEASURES:
Correlation of venous blood lead levels with soil lead
concentrations in the areas in which the subjects lived and with
sociodemographic and behavioural factors. MAIN RESULTS: Of the
estimated 57 pregnant women 38 (67%) participated: 20 were in
the high-exposure area and 18 in the other two areas; their
geometric mean blood lead levels were low (0.15 and 0.13 mumol/L
respectively). Of the 625 eligible children 510 (82%)
participated: 169 were in the high-exposure area, 179 in the
intermediate-exposure area and 162 in the low-exposure area;
their geometric mean lead levels were 0.43, 0.30 and 0.26 mumol/L
respectively. Within each age group children in the
high-exposure area had the highest levels. The mean levels for
children aged 6 months to 5 years were 0.49, 0.35 and 0.28 mumol/L
in the three areas respectively. Within each exposure group
children aged 1 to 2 years had the highest levels. No potential
confounding variables could explain the relation between blood
lead level and soil lead concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The
pregnant women's blood lead levels did not seem to be affected
by exposure level, but the children's levels were primarily
related to the soil lead concentration.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91176472
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chemical Industry|*; Environmental Exposure|*; Lead|AN/*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool;
Comparative Study; Dust|AN; Evaluation Studies; Female; Human;
Infant; Lead Poisoning|BL/EP; Male; Pregnancy; Prevalence;
Quebec|EP; Questionnaires; Soil|AN; Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Absorption
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0820-3946
- Country of Publication
- CANADA
Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Childhood lead poisoning. A controlled trial of the effect of
dust-control measures on blood lead levels.
- Author
- Charney E; Kessler B; Farfel M; Jackson D
- Address
-
- Source
- N Engl J Med, 1983 Nov, 309:18, 1089-93
- Abstract
- Lead-contaminated house dust is one factor in childhood lead
poisoning; however, most lead-reduction programs do not
emphasize the control of house dust. We studied whether
lead-reduction plus dust-control measures would lower blood lead
levels in children with Class II or III poisoning (blood lead
levels, 30 to 49 micrograms per deciliter) more effectively than
lead reduction alone. An experimental group of 14 children and a
control group of 35 children whose homes had already been
treated were studied. In experimental homes, sites with elevated
lead levels (greater than 100 micrograms per 930 cm2) were
wet-mopped twice monthly and families were encouraged to clean
and to wash the child's hands frequently. After one year blood
lead levels fell an average of 6.9 micrograms per deciliter in
the experimental group, as compared with 0.7 micrograms per
deciliter in controls (P less than 0.001). Children in the
experimental group with the highest blood lead levels had the
most marked reduction. Four children in the control group (and
none in the experimental group) required chelation therapy for
blood levels greater than 50 micrograms per deciliter. These
results show that a focused dust-control program can reduce
blood lead levels more than standard lead removal in the home.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 84013999
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Dust|AN/*PC; Lead|AN/*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/PC
- MeSH Heading
- Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials; Female; Handwashing;
Housing; Human; Infant; Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support,
U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0028-4793
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Experience in the study of the effects of lead on the health
status of children in Belovo]
- Author
- Revich BA; Bykov AA; Liapunov SM; Prikhozhan AM; Serëgina IF;
Sobolev MB
- Address
-
- Source
- Med Tr Prom Ekol, 1998, :12, 25-32
- Abstract
- Lead releases in Belovo town containing metallurgy enterprise
had reached 120 tons/year earlier, but in recent years have
decreased to 9 tons/year. Reduction of the production induced
decrease of lead levels in the ambient air from 0.7-2.3 mg/m3 in
1994 to 0.001-0.24 mg/m3. Lead concentration in the soil ranges
from 30 to 3000 mg/kg. Lead levels were measured in serum of 91
children, in hair of 67 ones and in teeth of 15 children. Serum
lead levels in children aged 7-8 years varied from 0.5 to 39
mg/dl, with an average of 9.9 mg/dl (SD is 5.2 mg/dl), geometric
mean is 8.5 mg/dl and error of geometric mean is 3.3. 46% of the
children had serum lead levels exceeding the normal one (10
mg/dl). Average lead level in the hair equaled 4.5 mg/g (SD is
4.9 mg/g). The children living in towns with higher
environmental lead levels demonstrated more frequent anxiety and
changes in higher psychic functions. The major points
influencing the serum lead level are proximity to highway,
dietary load of goods grown near the residence, mother's
smoking. Biokinetic model describing lead transfer into the
blood helped to evaluate various modes of the enterprise
functioning and efficiency of some environmental protection
measures. The most efficient are measures aimed to lower dietary
intake of lead, less efficiency is associated with measures
reducing lead levels in air, dust and soil.
- Language of Publication
- Russian
- Unique Identifier
- 99114482
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Pollutants|*AN; Lead|AE/*AN/BL; Lead
Poisoning|*DI/PC
- MeSH Heading
- Age Factors; Child; Comparative Study; English Abstract;
Female; Hair|CH; Higher Nervous Activity|DE; Human; Male;
Manifest Anxiety Scale; Metallurgy; Questionnaires; Risk
Factors; Siberia
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- Country of Publication
- RUSSIA
- CAS Registry/EC Number
- 0 (Environmental Pollutants); 7439-92-1 (Lead)
Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Relationship between lead mining and blood lead levels in
children.
- Author
- Murgueytio AM; Evans RG; Sterling DA; Clardy SA; Shadel BN;
Clements BW
- Address
- Saint Louis University School of Public Health, Division of
Environmental and Occupational Health, Missouri 63108, USA.
- Source
- Arch Environ Health, 1998 Nov-Dec, 53:6, 414-23
- Abstract
- The authors studied blood lead levels of 226 randomly selected
children, aged 6-92 mo, who lived in either a lead-mining area
or a nonmining area, and 69 controls. The authors sought to
determine to what extent mining activities contributed to blood
lead levels in the children. The mean blood lead levels in the
study and control groups were 6.52 microg/dl and 3.43 microg/dl,
respectively. The corresponding proportions of children with
elevated blood lead levels were 17% and 3%. Soil and dust lead
levels were up to 10 times higher in the study than the control
group. Elevated blood lead levels appeared to result from
exposure to both lead-mining waste and lead-based paint. Mining
waste was the cause of the higher prevalence of elevated blood
lead levels in these children.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99101252
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*AE/AN; Hazardous Waste|*AE/AN;
Lead|*AE/AN/BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/*ET; Mining|*
- MeSH Heading
- Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Dust|AE/AN;
Environmental Monitoring; Female; Human; Male; Missouri;
Paint|AE; Questionnaires; Regression Analysis; Residence
Characteristics; Soil Pollutants|AE/AN; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-9896
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
- CAS Registry/EC Number
- 0 (Soil Pollutants); 7439-92-1 (Lead)
Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Blood lead levels of traffic- and gasoline-exposed
professionals in the city of Athens.
- Author
- Kapaki EN; Varelas PN; Syrigou AI; Spanaki MV; Andreadou E;
Kakami AE; Papageorgiou CT
- Address
- Department of Neurology, Athens University School of Medicine,
Aeginition Hospital, Greece.
- Source
- Arch Environ Health, 1998 Jul, 53:4, 287-91
- Abstract
- During the past 10 y, blood lead levels in the population of
Athens, Greece, have decreased steadily. This decrease has
paralleled the reduction of tetraethyl lead in gasoline and the
introduction of unleaded fuel. Blood lead levels and other
parameters were studied in 42 gas-station employees, 47 taxi
drivers, 47 bus drivers, and 36 controls, all of whom worked in
Athens. The blood lead levels did not differ significantly among
the four groups (5.64+/-1.7 microg/dl, 5.96+/-1.7 microg/dl,
5.88+/-1.3 microg/dl, and 5.76+/-1.7 microg/dl, respectively).
Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (i.e., aspartate
aminotransferase) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (i.e.,
alanine aminotransferase) were elevated in gas-station
employees, and the former was elevated in taxi drivers.
Gas-station employees who smoked had higher blood lead levels
than their nonsmoking counterparts. The absence of any
difference in the blood lead levels of individuals for whom
physical examinations were either normal or abnormal suggests
that either lead was not the cause of increased blood lead
levels or that its contribution may have been important in the
past.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98373767
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Air Pollutants, Environmental|*AE; Gasoline|*; Lead
Poisoning|*BL/EN/ET; Occupational Diseases|*BL/EN/ET; Tetraethyl
Lead|*AE; Transportation|*; Urban Health|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Alanine Transaminase|BL; Analysis of Variance;
Aspartate Transaminase|BL; Case-Control Studies; Greece; Human;
Lead|BL; Middle Age; Smoking|AE; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-9896
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- An integrative index of biological effects of lead.
- Author
- Valciukas JA; Lilis R; Petrocci M
- Address
-
- Source
- Am J Ind Med, 1981, 2:3, 261-72
- Abstract
- Biological indicators of lead effects on the central nervous
system (as measured by performance tests), hematogenous bone
marrow (hemoglobin levels) and kidney function (BUN Levels) can
be combined in an integrative index (INDEX). This integrative
index can be in turn related to indicators of lead exposure and
absorption. Such an index was calculated by removing age effects
in measures of performance and kidney function and then
transforming all the variables to Z (standard) units. Secondary
lead smelter workers and a control group were studied. In
secondary lead smelter workers this INDEX was found to be
significantly correlated with ZPP, blood lead levels, and
duration of lead exposure. In this population the magnitude of
the correlation coefficients with ZPP levels was much higher
than than for blood lead levels. INDEX had a higher correlation
with ZPP than with each of its components: performance test
scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels. Although performance test
scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels were shown to discriminate
between the control, non-lead-exposed population, and the
lead-exposed group, INDEX (and particularly one pair of its
components, CNS and hemoglobin levels) achieved the best
discrimination between groups. The concept of an integrative
index of biological effects of lead may be especially useful in
defining populations at high risk for developing chronic,
potentially irreversible neurologic and kidney dysfunction, and
in assessing the severity of lead effects in individual cases.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 82253870
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Health Status Indicators|*; Health Surveys|*; Lead|BL/*PD;
Lead Poisoning|DI/*ME; Metallurgy|*; Occupational
Diseases|*CI/DI; Porphyrins|*BL; Protoporphyrins|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Analysis of Variance; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Comparative Study;
Hematopoietic System|DE; Human; Male; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;
Task Performance and Analysis; United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0271-3586
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Lead exposure: effects in Israel.
- Author
- Richter ED; Neiman S; Yaffe Y; Gruener N
- Address
-
- Source
- Isr J Med Sci, 1980 Feb, 16:2, 89-95
- Abstract
- Blood lead levels and parallel ambient lead exposure levels
were studied in selected Israeli population groups. The studies
were prompted by newly emerging findings on subtle renal,
hematologic and neurobehavioral effects of low levels of
exposure to lead in both children and adults. There was a high
correlation (r = 0.89) between individual blood lead levels in
the groups studied and free erythroprotoporphyrin, a measure of
the toxic effect of lead on hemoglobin synthesis. Hemoglobin
depression was weakly associated (r = 0.66) with rises in blood
lead levels. Blood lead and free erythroprotoporphyrin
determinations can be jointly used in screening for lead
toxicity and iron deficiency. Our data suggest that the
Jerusalem population at large is experiencing lead exposure in
the range of rural USA levels, but that in Israel there are
several foci of medically significant exposure requiring a
comprehensive approach to control of occupational and
environmental hazards. Furthermore, children of workers from
high-exposure locations may face an additional risk.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 80159221
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|AN/*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/DI/ET
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants, Environmental|AN; Child; Female; Heme|AN;
Hemoglobins|AN; Human; Israel; Male; Maximum Permissible
Exposure Level; Occupational Diseases|CI; Protoporphyrins|BL;
Risk
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2180
- Country of Publication
- ISRAEL
Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Management of childhood lead poisoning: a survey [see
comments]
- Author
- Glotzer DE; Bauchner H
- Address
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston City Hospital, MA 02118.
- Source
- Pediatrics, 1992 Apr, 89:4 Pt 1, 614-8
- Abstract
- Published recommendations (1985) for the management of
childhood lead poisoning suggest the use of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) provocation testing and
chelation as the mainstay of treatment for blood lead levels
between 25 and 55 micrograms/dL. Since 1985 evidence has
accumulated indicating that (1) levels of blood lead less than
25 micrograms/dL are detrimental to cognitive development, (2)
EDTA provocation testing may result in potentially harmful
shifts in the body lead burden, and (3) oral agents such as
penicillamine and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid are effective in
reducing elevated lead levels. To determine how this evidence
impacts on the management of childhood lead poisoning, the
authors surveyed the lead poisoning clinics of pediatric
departments in the cities estimated by the United States Public
Health Service to have the largest number of children affected
by lead poisoning. Thirty (70%) of 43 surveys were completed.
Respondents indicated that the lowest blood lead level for which
they would use a chelating agent to reduce the lead burden was
as follows: 50 micrograms/dL (3%), 45 micrograms/dL (3%), 40
micrograms/dL (13%), 35 micrograms/dL (3%), 30 micrograms/dL
(27%), 25 micrograms/dL (47%), and 20 micrograms/dL (3%). For
all blood lead levels from 20 through 55 micrograms/dL, EDTA was
the most frequently recommended chelating agent (chelation and
provocation testing). Fifteen percent of responding lead clinics
do not use the provocation test under any circumstances. For a
child with a negative EDTA provocation test, the percentage of
respondents recommending the use of any chelation therapy ranged
from 16% for blood lead levels of 25 through 29 micrograms/dL to
66% for levels of 50 through 55 micrograms/dL.(ABSTRACT
TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92212631
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chelating Agents|*TU; Lead Poisoning|BL/*DT
- MeSH Heading
- Child; Clinical Protocols; Drug Utilization; Edetic Acid|DU/TU;
Human; Lead|BL; Penicillamine|TU; Succimer|TU; Support, U.S.
Gov't, P.H.S.; United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead
levels of smokers.
- Author
- Dawson EB; Evans DR; Harris WA; Teter MC; McGanity WJ
- Address
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the University of
Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555-0587, USA.
- Source
- J Am Coll Nutr, 1999 Apr, 18:2, 166-70
- Abstract
- BACKGROUND: The study subjects were 75 adult men (20 to 30
years of age), who smoked one pack of cigarettes per day
(minimum) and had no clinical signs of ascorbic acid deficiency
or lead toxicity. None had a history of industrial exposure to
lead, and the blood-lead levels were anticipated to be below
1.45 micromol/L, the minimum blood level associated with
toxicity symptoms. METHODS: The men were randomly assigned to
three study groups of 25, and each group was provided a
four-week supply of one level of daily ascorbic acid supplements
(placebo, 200 mg or 1000 mg of ascorbic acid). We measured
baseline and weekly serum and urine ascorbic-acid levels as well
as blood and urine lead levels. The weekly group means and
variations of the measured data were statistically compared by
means of ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The serum
ascorbic-acid levels of the groups receiving ascorbic acid
increased significantly after one week (p< or =.001). There
was no effect of placebo or 200 mg ascorbic-acid supplementation
on the blood or urine lead levels. However, there was a 81%
decrease in blood-lead levels in the 1000 mg ascorbic acid group
after one week of supplementation (p< or =.001). CONCLUSIONS:
Daily supplementation with 1000 mg of ascorbic acid results in a
significant decrease of blood-lead levels associated with the
general population. Ascorbic acid supplementation may provide an
economical and convenient method of reducing blood-lead levels,
possibly by reducing the intestinal absorption of lead.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99219527
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ascorbic Acid|BL/*TU/UR; Dietary Supplements|*; Lead|*BL/UR;
Lead Poisoning|*ET/ME/PC; Smoking|*AE
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Human; Male
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
- ISSN
- 0731-5724
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 10 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Neurocognitive effects of chronic lead intoxication in Andean
children.
- Author
- Counter SA; Buchanan LH; Rosas HD; Ortega F
- Address
- Department of Neurology/Biological Laboratories, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. allen_Counter@harvard.edu
- Source
- J Neurol Sci, 1998 Sep 18, 160:1, 47-53
- Abstract
- Lead (Pb) intoxication in children has been associated with
neurodevelopmental disabilities which may result in motor and
cognitive impairment. We conducted blood lead (PbB)
measurements, neurological examinations and cognitive tests on
children living in Ecuadorian villages where Pb is used
extensively in the glazing of ceramics. Group I consisted of 55
children with a mean PbB level of 48.0 microg/dl (SD: 26.4,
range: 9.2-119.1 microg/dl) who received PbB tests and complete
neurological examinations. An appreciable number of the children
with elevated PbB levels were normal on specific components of
the neurological examination. Among the children who showed
neurological deficits, higher PbB levels were associated with
abnormal tendon reflexes, finger tapping, visual pursuit, size
discrimination, draw-a-person, and math calculation skills.
Group II consisted of 41 children with a mean PbB level of 47.4
microg/dl (SD: 22.0, range: 6.6-84.7 microg/dl) who were
administered Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM)
non-verbal reasoning test. Performance on RCPM was abnormal in
22 (53.7%) of 41 children. Children with abnormal RCPM scores
had higher PbB levels (t-test: P=0.030). There was a significant
inverse correlation between RCPM scores and PbB levels for
children ages 9 years and older (r=-0.618, P=0.011). Males had
higher mean PbB levels as a function of age than females
(t-test: P=0.037), and more males showed neurocognitive
deficits. The results demonstrate a range of neurological
responses in children with chronically elevated PbB levels from
apparent exceptional neuro-physiological tolerance of PbB
intoxication, to some fine motor and cognitive deficits.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99019261
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cognition Disorders|*CI/DI/EP; Lead Poisoning|EP/*PX; Nervous
System Diseases|*CI/DI/EP
- MeSH Heading
- Ceramics; Child; Child, Preschool; Comparative Study;
Ecuador|EP; Environmental Exposure; Female; Human; Industry;
Lead|BL; Male; Neurologic Examination; Neuropsychological Tests;
Occupational Exposure; Psychomotor Performance
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0022-510X
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
- CAS Registry/EC Number
- 0 (Ceramics); 7439-92-1 (Lead)
Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Occupational lead poisoning in the United States: clinical and
biochemical findings related to blood lead levels.
- Author
- Baker EL Jr; Landrigan PJ; Barbour AG; Cox DH; Folland DS;
Ligo RN; Throckmorton J
- Address
-
- Source
- Br J Ind Med, 1979 Nov, 36:4, 314-22
- Abstract
- Dose-response relationships between blood lead levels and
toxic effects have been evaluated in 160 lead workers in two
smelters and a chemicals plant. Blood lead levels ranged from
0.77 to 13.51 mumol/litre (16-280 microgram/dl). Clinical
evidence of toxic exposure was found in 70 workers (44%),
including colic in 33, wrist or ankle extensor muscle weakness
in 12, anaemia (Hgb less than 8.69 mumol/litre (Hb/4) or 14.0
gm/dl) in 27, elevated blood urea nitrogen (greater than or
equal to 7.14 mmol/litre or 20 mg/dl) in 28, and possible
encephalopathy in two. No toxicity was detected at blood lead
levels below 1.93 mumol/litre (40 microgram/dl). However, 13% of
workers with blood lead levels of 1.93 to 3.81 mumol/litre
(40-79 microgram/dl) had extensor muscle weakness or
gastrointestinal symptoms. Anaemia was found in 5% of workers
with lead levels of 1.93-2.85 mumol/litre (40-59 microgram/dl),
in 14% with levels of 2.90 to 3.81 mumol/litre (60-79
microgram/dl), and in 36% with levels greater than or equal to
3.86 mumol/litre (80 microgram/dl). Elevated blood urea nitrogen
occurred in long-term lead workers. All but three workers with
increased blood urea nitrogen had at least four years
occupational lead exposure, and nine had received oral
chelation; eight of this group had reduced creatinine clearance,
and eight had decreased renal concentrating ability. These data
support the establishment of a permissible biological limit for
blood lead at a level between 1.93 and 2.90 mumol/litre (40-60
microgram/dl).
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 80065417
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|*BL/EP; Occupational Diseases|*CI/EP
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants, Occupational|AN; Anemia|CI; Blood Urea
Nitrogen; Chemical Industry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;
Gastrointestinal Diseases|CI; Human; Kidney Function Tests;
Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Metallurgy; Neuromuscular
Diseases|CI; United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0007-1072
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Blood lead levels in South African inner-city children.
- Author
- von Schirnding Y; Bradshaw D; Fuggle R; Stokol M
- Address
- Research Institute for Environmental Diseases, Medical
Research Council, South Africa.
- Source
- Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Aug, 94:, 125-30
- Abstract
- Little is known about childhood lead absorption in South
Africa. In this study a cross-sectional analytic survey was
carried out to determine the blood lead levels and associated
risk factors for inner-city, first-grade schoolchildren. Blood
lead analyses, hematological and anthropometric measurements
were conducted, and a pretested questionnaire was administered
to parents to identify risk factors for lead exposure. In a
detailed environmental study, daily air and dust samples were
collected over a period of 1 year from several sites in the
study area, contemporaneously with the blood and questionnaire
surveys. Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric lead
were determined. It was found that 13% of mixed race children,
but no white children, had blood lead levels greater than or
equal to 25 micrograms/dL, the U.S. action level. Air lead
levels averaged around 1 microgram/m3, and dust lead levels
ranged from 410 to 3620 ppm. Environmental lead levels were
significantly elevated near heavy traffic, where Environmental
Protection Agency standards were exceeded mainly during winter
months. Baseline exposure was of significance in influencing
blood lead levels of children attending schools in direct
proximity to heavy traffic, where blood lead levels were
elevated irrespective of other influencing factors. Primary and
secondary preventive measures are urgently needed in South
Africa to reduce environmental lead exposure. At the time of the
study, South Africa had one of the highest levels of lead in
gasoline in the Western World, namely, 0.836 g/L. Although
levels have subsequently been reduced, this is typical of the
situation in many African countries today.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92063916
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead|*BL; Lead Poisoning|BL/*EP
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants, Environmental|AE/AN; Child; Cross-Sectional
Studies; Human; South Africa|EP; Urban Population; Vehicle
Emissions|AE/AN
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0091-6765
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 13 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Lead exposure in the ceramic tile industry: time trends and
current exposure levels]
- Author
- Candela S; Ferri F; Olmi M
- Address
- Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL),
Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia.
- Source
- Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1998, 34:1, 137-43
- Abstract
- There is a high density of industries for the production of
ceramic tiles in the District of Scandiano (province of Reggio
Emilia, Emilia Romagna region). In this area, since the
beginning of 1970s, the time trend of Pb exposure in ceramic
tile plants has been evaluated by means of biological monitoring
(BM) data collected at the Service of Prevention and Safety in
the Work Environment and its associated Toxicology Laboratory.
From these data, a clear decreasing time trend of exposure
levels is documented, the reduction being more evident during
the seventies and in 1985-88. During the seventies BM was
introduced systematically in all ceramic tile plants with the
determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (ALA-U). As
a consequence of the BM programme, hygienic measures for the
abatement of pollution inside the plants were implemented, and a
reduction, from 20.6% to 2%, of ALA-U values exceeding 10 mg/l,
was observed. In 1985, the determination of lead in blood (PbB)
replaced that of ALA-U in the BM programmes and highlighted the
persistence of high level of exposure to Pb, which could not be
outlined by means of ALA-U because of its lower sensitivity. PbB
levels were 36.1 micrograms/100 ml and 25.7 micrograms/100 ml in
male and female workers, respectively. These results required
the implementation, within the plants, of additional hygienic
measures and a significant reduction of PbB was obtained in the
following three years. In 1988 PbB levels were 26.0 +/- 10.7 and
21.6 +/- 10.3 micrograms/100 ml in male and female workers,
respectively. In 1993-95 Pb levels were obtained from 1328 male
and 771 female workers of 56 plants, accounting for about 40% of
the total number of workers in the ceramic industry, in the
zones of Sassuolo and Scandiano. Exposure levels are not
different from those observed in the preceding years, with PbB
levels of 25.3 +/- 11.1 and 19.1 +/- 9.2 micrograms/100 ml in
male and female workers, respectively.
- Language of Publication
- Italian
- Unique Identifier
- 98344295
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Air Pollutants, Occupational|AE/*AN; Ceramics|*; Environmental
Monitoring|*; Industry|*; Lead|AE/*BL; Occupational Exposure|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Air Pollution|PC; Aminolevulinic Acid|UR; Biological
Markers; English Abstract; Female; Human; Lead Poisoning|EP/PC;
Male; Mass Screening; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level; Middle
Age; Occupational Diseases|CI/EP/PC; Occupations; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2571
- Country of Publication
- ITALY
Record 14 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- [Blood lead levels during pregnancy in th the newborn period.
Study of the population of Bari]
- Author
- Carbone R; Laforgia N; Crollo E; Mautone A; Iolascon A
- Address
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina dell'EtÄa Evolutiva, UniversitÄa
degli Studi, Bari.
- Source
- Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1998, 34:1, 117-9
- Abstract
- Blood lead levels during pregnancy and in neonates immediately
after birth have been evaluated, showing higher values in
mothers compared to neonates (5.81 +/- 3.05 vs 4.87 +/- 3.60
micrograms/100 ml) and a positive correlation between maternal
and neonatal levels (r = 0.82). On the basis of the results
derived from the population examined, it has been observed that
6% of newborns have blood lead levels higher than 10
micrograms/100 ml a value recently identified by the Centers for
Disease Control (CDC, Atlanta, USA) as a limit for toxicity in
children. Moreover, neonatal Pb levels were higher than those
found in infants from 6 to 12 months (4.87 +/- 3.60 vs 2.24 +/-
0.54 micrograms/100 ml). During the first week of life there is
a steady decrease of blood lead levels, together with increasing
renal lead excretion. This study was carried out at the "Dipartimento
di Biomedicina dell'Età Evolutiva" University of Bari,
southern Italy.
- Language of Publication
- Italian
- Unique Identifier
- 98344292
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Infant, Newborn|*BL; Lead|AE/*BL; Pregnancy|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- English Abstract; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Fetal
Blood|CH; Human; Infant; Italy|EP; Lead Poisoning|EP/PC; Mass
Screening; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Maximum Permissible Exposure
Level; Urban Population
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-2571
- Country of Publication
- ITALY
Record 15 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Efficacy of succimer chelation for reducing brain Pb levels in
a rodent model.
- Author
- Smith D; Bayer L; Strupp BJ
- Address
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of
California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA.
- Source
- Environ Res, 1998 Aug, 78:2, 168-76
- Abstract
- Increasing evidence indicates that early low-level lead (Pb)
exposure produces enduring cognitive impairment in children,
underscoring the need to develop improved therapeutic
intervention. Although chelating agents have been shown to
effectively reduce body Pb levels, it is not yet known whether
this treatment ameliorates Pb-induced cognitive dysfunction.
Clinical research in this area is hampered by the need to rely
on reductions in blood Pb levels as the index of treatment
efficacy, despite the fact that brain Pb level is the exposure
parameter of greatest relevance to neurocognitive outcomes. The
present studies were designed to provide information that will
aid future research in this area in both human and animal
models. The objectives of these studies were (1) to evaluate the
efficacy of different doses and durations of succimer
(meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid; DMSA) chelation for reducing
brain and blood Pb levels and (2) to determine the extent to
which blood Pb can serve as a surrogate of brain Pb following
chelation. Long-Evans hooded rats were exposed to Pb from birth
until day 31 (Study 1) or day 40 (Study 2) of life, followed by
oral treatment with a vehicle or one of two succimer regimens
for a duration of either 7 or 21 days. Results indicated that 7
days of succimer treatment produced a 1.5- to 2.5-fold greater
reduction of Pb in blood than in brain, relative to time-matched
vehicle groups. Prolonged treatment (21) days did not further
reduce blood Pb levels (relative to 7-day succimer treatment),
but did produce further reductions in brain Pb level compared to
time-matched vehicle groups. Thus, chelation-mediated reductions
in brain Pb did not parallel reductions in blood Pb over the
course of treatment. While the relevance of these data to humans
may be confounded by anatomical and physiological differences
between rodents and primates, as well as differences in the
metabolism of succimer (DMSA), they suggest that clinical
studies should exercise caution when using blood Pb as an index
of the efficacy of chelation treatment for reducing brain Pb
levels.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98394049
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Brain|*ME; Chelating Agents|AD/*TU; Cognition Disorders|CI/*PC;
Lead|AN/BL/*ME; Lead Poisoning|CO/*DT; Succimer|AD/*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Administration, Oral; Animal; Animals, Newborn; Brain
Chemistry; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship,
Drug; Female; Male; Random Allocation; Rats; Support, U.S. Gov't,
Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 16 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of repeated occupational exposure to lead, cessation of
exposure, and chelation on levels of lead in bone.
- Author
- Hu H; Pepper L; Goldman R
- Address
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and
Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
- Source
- Am J Ind Med, 1991, 20:6, 723-35
- Abstract
- A sensitive K-X-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) instrument was used
to measure lead levels in the tibia and patella on a series of
twelve subjects who had relatively well-documented histories of
lead exposure and blood lead levels. For some subjects, K-XRF
measurements were taken at multiple points in time, and before
and after chelation with EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic
acid). Results confirm that K-XRF measured bone lead levels
correspond to cumulative blood lead indices and not to current
blood lead levels. Moreover, the data suggest that bone lead
levels; (1) correspond to urinary lead following the EDTA
mobilization test unless previous chelation has occurred; (2)
rise initially after lead exposure ceases and blood lead levels
decrease, probably from redistribution from soft tissue, and
then fall; and (3) do not decrease with a 3- to 5-day course of
therapeutic EDTA chelation. K-XRF levels in the patella were
noted to decrease more rapidly than levels in the tibia after
cessation of lead exposure, a finding that probably reflects the
greater turnover of lead in trabecular bone than in cortical
bone.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92214451
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bone and Bones|*ME; Edetic Acid|*TU; Lead|*AE/ME; Occupational
Diseases|*ME; Occupational Exposure|*AE
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Fluorescence; Human; Infusions, Intravenous; Lead
Poisoning|ME; Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0271-3586
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 17 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- An integrated exposure/pharmacokinetic based approach to the
assessment of complex exposures. Lead: a case study.
- Author
- DeRosa CT; Choudhury H; Peirano WB
- Address
- Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
- Source
- Toxicol Ind Health, 1991 Jul, 7:4, 231-48
- Abstract
- A problem in evaluating the hazard represented by an
environmental toxicant is that exposures can occur via multiple
media such as water, land, and air. Lead is one of the toxicants
of concern that has been associated with adverse effects on heme
metabolism, serum vitamin D levels, and the mental and physical
development of infants and children exposed at very low
environmental levels. Effects of lead on development are
particularly disturbing in that the consequences of early delays
or deficits in physical or mental development may have long-term
consequences over the lifetime of affected individuals.
Experimental and epidemiologic studies have indicated that blood
lead levels in the range of 10-15 micrograms/dl, or possibly
lower, are likely to produce subclinical toxicity. Since a
discernible threshold has not been demonstrated, it is prudent
to preclude development of a Reference Dose (RfD) for lead. As
an alternate, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.
EPA) has developed the uptake/biokinetic lead model that
provides a means for evaluating the relative contribution of
various media to establishing blood lead levels in children.
This approach will allow for the identification of site- and
situation-specific abatement strategies based on projected blood
lead levels in vulnerable human populations exposed to lead in
air, diet, water, soil/dust, and paint; thus making it possible
to evaluate regulatory decisions concerning each medium on blood
levels and potential health effects.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92132893
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*; Lead|BL/*PK
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Lead Poisoning|PC; Maximum Permissible Exposure Level;
Models, Biological; Reference Standards; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0748-2337
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 18 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of lead acetate on rats fed diets containing low levels
of folic acid.
- Author
- Rader JI; Celesk EM; Peeler JT; Mahaffey KR
- Address
-
- Source
- Drug Nutr Interact, 1982, 1:2, 131-42
- Abstract
- Nutritional factors such as deficiencies of calcium, iron, and
protein alter susceptibility to the toxic effects of lead. While
the suggestion has been made
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